Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal’s Rule, and Grosvenor’s Modified Javal’s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism

Table 4

Agreement between cylinder axis of subjective refraction and that of retinoscopy or autorefraction.

Parameter	Kappa	value
Autorefraction versus subjective (exact)	0.051	0.38
Autorefraction versus subjective (within 5 degrees)	0.107	0.26
Retinoscopy versus subjective (exact)	0.64	<0.001
Retinoscopy versus subjective (within 5 degrees)	0.64	<0.001