Research Article
Convergence Insufficiency, Accommodative Insufficiency, Visual Symptoms, and Astigmatism in Tohono O’odham Students
Table 1
Rate of convergence insufficiency (“common” (2 clinical signs) or “classic”/clinical (3 clinical signs)) and accommodative insufficiency (AI) in school-based study samples.
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Convergence insufficiency (CI): presence of 2 or 3 clinical signs (exophoria at near greater than at far in addition to insufficient PFV and/or receded NPC) for all studies except Letourneau and Ducic [6] (defined only by near point of convergence >10 cm and exophoria greater at near than at distance). Accommodative insufficiency (AI): accommodative amplitude (AA) 2D from Hofstetter’s minimum age expected AA, except for Wajuihian and Hansraj who defined AI by reduced accommodative amplitude combined with high values on monocular estimation retinoscopy and/or poor accommodative facility. |