Research Article

Static and Dynamic Measurement of Ocular Surface Temperature in Dry Eyes

Table 1

Studies on dry eye using ocular thermography reported in the literatures.

AuthorsSubjects (mean age)Thermotracer used (specification)Ocular surface marking and OST acquisitionOST indices studiedStatic/dynamic (time upon eye opening)

Morgan et al. [3]1 D
(66 yo)
IR thermographer
NEC6T62
(Sensitivity 0.1°C
Freq: 1 frame/s
Resolution: 10 × 10 pixels)
RTDStatic

Morgan et al. [11]36 D
(58 yo)
27 C
(57 yo)
IR thermographer
NEC6T62
(Sensitivity 0.1°C
Freq: 1 frame/s
Resolution: 10 × 10 pixels)
Five 10 × 10 pixels placed in 5 anatomical locations along horizontal meridian running across centre corneaMOST
RTD
Static

Morgan et al. [12]11 D
(50 yo)
7 C
(53 yo)
IR thermographer
NEC6T62
(Sensitivity 0.1°C
Freq: 1 frame/s
Resolution: 10 × 10 pixels)
4 mm2 area at the centre of corneaGCCDynamic
(7 s)

Fujishima et al. [13]20 D
(37.9 yo)
20 C
(35.1 yo)
IR radiation thermometer THI-500
(Sensitivity: 0.1°C
Freq: 1 frame/s)
Central corneaGCCStatic and dynamic
(10 s)

Mori et al. [14]13 D
(45.5 yo)
7 C
(33.6 yo)
Thermal Vision Laird 3 (Nikon)
(Sensitivity: 0.15°C
Freq: 60 frames/s)
20 × 20 pixel box at central cornea valueDynamic
(more than 10 s)

Craig et al. [8]8 D
(60.3 yo)
13 C
(24.8 yo)
IR thermographer
NEC6T62
(Sensitivity 0.1°C
Freq: 1 frame/s
Resolution: 10 × 10 pixels)
Mean of central cornea pixelsGCC
TVF
Static

Zelichowska et al. [15]9 D
13 C
IR radiation thermographerCentral corneaGCCStatic and dynamic
(15 s)

Singh and Bhinder [16]51 D
(35.36 yo)
51 C
(35.36 yo)
IR and remote heat sensor thermometry
(Sensitivity 0.1°C)
Closed and open eye temperature for 5 sMOSTStatic

Kamao et al. [17]30 D
(52.9 yo)
30 C
(42.7 yo)
Tomey IR thermographer
(Sensitivity 0.1°C
Freq: 6 frame/s
Resolution: 320 × 240 pixels)
Central cornea (GCC) 4 mm in diameter,
CT and CN (both 2 mm in diameter)
GCC
CN
CT
Static and dynamic
(10 s)

Su et al. [18]76 D
(49 yo)
47 C
(34 yo)
Microbolometer sensor
(Sensitivity 0.1°C
Freq: 30 frame/s
Resolution: 320 × 240 pixels)
ROI (region of interest) determined by four curves connected between four manually set apexes (top and bottom of the eye, left and right corners of the eye)TDV
CV
Dynamic
(6 s)

Kottaiyan et al. [19]Thermovision A40
(Sensitivity 0.08°C
Freq: 30 frame/s
Resolution: 320 × 240 pixels)
Central cornealDynamic
(5 s)

Azharuddin et al. [20]42 D
(35.2 yo)
36C
(28.4 yo)
FLIR SC305
(Sensitivity < 0.05°C
Freq: 9 frame/s
Resolution: 320 × 240 pixels)
CorneaDynamic
(15 s)

Zhang et al. [21]20 D
(55.8 yo)
(5 ADDE)
(15 MGD)
FLIR SC325
(Sensitivity < 0.05°C
Freq: 30 frame/s
Resolution: 320 × 240 pixels)
Central cornea 7~9 mm circularDynamic
(5 s)

Versura et al. [22]24 D
(52 yo)
15 C
(43 yo)
Tomey TG 1000Central cornea 4 mm circularCCTStatic

D: dry eye subjects; C: control subjects.
RTD: radial temperature difference; MOST: mean ocular surface temperature; GCC: geometrical centre cornea.
TVF: temperature variation factor; CN: nasal conjunctiva; CT: temporal conjunctiva.
TDV: temperature difference value (temporal variation of OST); CV: compactness value (spatial variation of OST); value: steepening of corneal temperature.
ADDE: aqueous deficient dry eye; MGD: meibomian gland dysfunction.
CCT: central corneal temperature.