Visual Motor and Perceptual Task Performance in Astigmatic Students

Table 1

Comparison of demographics, vision, and refractive errors across three groups: students with low refractive error (control group), bilateral astigmats who completed the VMI and VMIp without correction, and bilateral astigmats who completed the VMI and VMIp with spectacle correction. Bolded  numbers represent acuity data included in secondary analyses controlling for acuity under VMI/VMIp test conditions.

	Control group: no/low refractive error	Bilateral astigmatism groups		value
	Tested without correction	Tested without correction	Tested with correction
Percentage female/male	46.5%/53.5%	47.7%/52.3%	50.7%/49.3%	=0.832
Mean age (SD, range)	11.50 (1.77, 8.21 to 15.87)	11.94 (1.77, 8.52 to 15.46)	11.53 (1.86, 8.35 to 15.47)	=0.150
Mean LogMAR (Snellen) uncorrected acuity (SD, range)	−0.09 (20/16); (0.12, −0.30 to 0.50)	0.28 (20/38); (0.18, −0.10 to 0.70)	0.25 (20/36); (0.17, −0.10 to 0.80)	<0.001
Mean LogMAR (Snellen) corrected acuity (SD, range)	−0.11 (20/16); (0.12, −0.30 to 0.70)	0.01 (20/20); (0.12, −0.20 to 0.30)	0.00 (20/20); (0.10, −0.20 to 0.30)	<0.001
Right eye astigmatism (SD, range)	0.25 (0.24, 0 to 0.75)	3.16 (1.26, 1.00 to 7.25)	3.07 (1.39, 1.00 to 6.75)	=0.649^†
Left eye astigmatism (SD, range)	0.22 (0.22, 0 to 0.75)	3.24 (1.35, 1.00 to 7.50)	3.10 (1.36, 1.00 to 7.25)	=0.498^†
Right eye spherical equivalent (SD, range)	+0.28 (0.50, −0.75 to +2.25)	+0.13 (2.00, −5.50 to +4.50)	−0.03 (2.00, −5.75 to +4.88)	=0.263
Left eye spherical equivalent (SD, range)	+0.30 (0.49, −0.88 to +2.25)	+0.15 (1.96, −5.25 to +4.75)	+0.07 (2.03, −6.13 to +5.00)	=0.455

Significance for one-way ANOVA across 3 groups. Post hoc analyses with Bonferroni correction: control group significantly differed from astigmatic groups ( values < 0.001). Astigmatic groups did not significantly differ.
^†Significance for -test comparison of two astigmatic groups. By definition, the control group has less astigmatism than the two astigmatism groups.