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Study | Intervention | Mean follow-up time (months) | Outcome |
Antibacterial agents | Steroids | Immunosuppressant | Outcome measures | Improvement or maintenance in visual acuity (%) |
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Bollemeijier (2016) | Benzyl PNC 0.15 MU/kg/d IV (14 d), or procaine PNC 1.2–2.4 MU IV (10–17 d), or doxycycline 200 mg po bid (28 d), or ceftriaxone IV 2 g/d (14 d) | ±systemic, ±topical, ±subconjunctival | — | 6 | Improvement in visual acuity, factors associated with final visual acuity | 91.5 |
Dai (2016) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Fonollosa (2016) | 74%: penicillin IV or IM, or combined. Others: oral doxycycline and ceftriaxone either IM or IV | — | — | 14 | Improvement in visual acuity, ocular complications | 90.0 |
Sahin (2016) | PCN 24 MU/day IV (10 d) | ±systemic | ± | >6 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Tsuboi (2016) | 75% benzyl PNC 24 MU/d IV, amoxicillin po plus probenecid before or after | ±systemic | — | 21 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Zhang (2016) | All PNC G 18–24 MU/d IV (2 w), or ceftriaxone 2 g/d IV (2 w) | — | — | 10.1 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 88.0 |
Lee (2015) | Benzyl PNC 18–24 MU/d IV (1014 d), or IV ceftriaxone (14 d), doxycycline po (21 d) | — | — | 1–96 | Improvement in visual acuity | 100.0 |
Moradi (2015) | PNC IV/IM, or ceftriaxion | ±systemic | ± | 9 | Incidence of visual loss, ocular complications | 52.0 |
Northey (2015) | Benzyl PNC IV (14 d), benzathine PNC IM, doxycycline po | ±systemic, ±topical | — | 6 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 87.0 |
Shen (2015) | Benzathine IM or ceftriaxone IV or doxycycline po | — | — | 4.1 | Improvement in visual acuity | 92.3 |
Mathew (2014) | — | — | — | >6 | Improvement in visual acuity | 93.7 |
Rodrigues (2014) | Crystalline PNC 20 MU/d IV (14 d) | ±systemic | — | — | Improvement in visual acuity | 89.5 |
Yap (2014) | PNC IV (10–14 d), or procaine PNC IM (10 d) + benzathine PNC G IM, or benzathine penicillin G IM | ±systemic, ±topical | — | >3 (10/12 pt.) | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Restivo (2013) | PNC 24 MU/d (14 d) | Topical | — | 29.4 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 71.4 |
Eandi (2012) | PNC 24 MU/d (14 d) | Systemic | — | 2.9 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Yang (2012) | PNC 18–24 MU/d IV (14–20 d), or doxycycline po | Systemic (taper) | — | 9.3 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 94.3 |
Balaskas (2011) | PNC IV, or ceftriaxone | ±systemic | ± | 10 | Improvement in visual acuity | 84.2 |
Hughes (2010) | PNC IV (10–14 d) | ±systemic | — | — | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Li (2010) | PNC IV (2 w) + PNC G benzathine IM (1–3 w), or doxycycline po (4 w) | ±systemic (taper) | — | — | Improvement in visual acuity | 100.0 |
Kunkel (2009) | PNC G IV or ceftriaxone (≥10 d) | — | — | — | Improvement in visual acuity | 61.5 |
Fonollosa (2009) | PNC G IV 24 MU/d (14 d) | ±intravitreal | — | 19.8 | Improvement in visual acuity | 100.0 |
Anshu (2008) | Crystalline PNC G (18–24 MU/d) or procaine PNC (2–4 MU/d IM) with probenecid (10–14 d), or ceftriazone 2 g/d (10–14 d) | ±systemic, ±topical | — | — | Improvement in visual acuity | 82.8 |
Hong (2007) | Crystal PNC G 12–18 MU/d (6–14 d) + PNC G 2.4 MU/w IM (3-4 w), or PNC IV (10–14 d), or tetracycline 500 mg po qd (26 d) | ±systemic prior to diagnosis | — | 4.3 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Parc (2007) | PNC G IV, or cetriaxone IV, or benzathine-benzyl PNC IM | — | — | >1 (all pt.); 5 (4 pt.) | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Tran (2005) | PNC 24 MU/day IV (≥14 d), or ceftriaxone 2 g/day IV (21 d) | — | — | 7 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Shalaby (1997) | PNC 12–24 MU/d IV (10–14 d), or ceftriaxone 2 g/d IV (10 d) | Topical | — | >3 (8/13 pt.) | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
Li (2011) | PNC IV (≥10 d), or PNC IM, or ceftriaxone IM + PCN IV bolus, or tetracycline po | — | — | 31 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 90.9 |
Ormerod (2001) | Benzyl PNC IV (10–14 d), or a combination of PNC IV + benzathine PNC IM, or benzathine PNC IM alone | — | — | 5 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 88.9 |
Browning (2000) | PNC IV (10 d), or benzathine PNC IM + probenecid po | — | — | 6 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 83.3 |
Villanueva (2000) | Crystalline PNC G 12–24 MU/d IV | ±topical | — | 12.9 | Improvement in ocular lesions | — |
Deschenes (1992) | PNC 18–24 MU/d IV (10–14 d) + PNC 2.4 MU/w IM, or PNC IM (2-3 w), or tetracycline | — | — | — | Improvement in visual acuity | 78.9 |
Tamesis (1990) | PNC, no details | ±topical | — | 10 | Improvement in visual acuity and inflammation | 100.0 |
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