Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis Associated with Autoimmune Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment

Table 1

The therapy of PUK associated with autoimmune diseases.

Therapy	Classification	Agent	Target
Topical therapy	Corticosteroid	Prednisolone	Immune system [74, 75]
	Immunosuppressant	Cyclosporine A	Antigen-triggered signal transduction in T lymphocytes and expression of many lymphokines (IL-2) and antiapoptotic proteins [76]
	Collagenase inhibitors	l% medroxyprogesterone	Collagenase [41, 77]
		20% acetylcysteine
Surgical therapy	Cyanoacrylate glue, conjunctival flap, lamellar patch flap, or penetrating keratoplasty [71],; conjunctivectomy combined with cryotherapy (mentioned in SLE) [111]
Systemic therapy	Corticosteroid	Prednisolone	Immune system [74, 75]
	Immunosuppressant	MTX	Immune system [2]
		CTX
		Cyclosporine
		Azathioprine
	Biologic therapy	Etanercept	TNF-α [80]
		Infliximab
		Adalimumab
		Golimumab
		DMARDs
		Rituximab	B cell [81, 84, 91–93]
		Etanercept
		Adalimumab
		Abatacept	T cell [84]
		Anakinra	IL-1 [84]
		Tocilizumab	IL-6 [84]
		Ixekizumab	IL-17 [94–97]
		Secukinumab
		Brodalumab
		Ustekinumab	IL-12/IL-23 [80, 98–100]
		Guselkumab	IL-23 [80, 98–100]
		Belimumab (mentioned in SLE)	BAFF [108]
		INF (interferon alpha and gamma), TLRs, pDCs, and JAK/STAT inhibitors (mentioned in SLE)	INF (interferon alpha and gamma), TLRs, pDCs, and JAK/STAT

Most of the therapies are similar. However, there are some different places among these diseases.