Evaluation of Cholinergic Deficiency in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease Using Pupillometry

Figure 1

Illustration of pupil flash response and parameters measured. (a) Pupil diameter over time after stimulus at time zero. (b) Pupil velocity (rate of change of pupil diameter). (c) Pupil acceleration (rate of change of velocity). The constriction phase lasts from stimulus to minimum pupil size; parameters calculated during this phase are the constriction amplitude, maximum and average constriction velocity, and maximum constriction acceleration.

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