Evaluation of Cholinergic Deficiency in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease Using Pupillometry

Table 1

Demographics and descriptive PFR analysis for HC and AD groups, with ANOVA, χ² test, and GLM analysis.

	Healthy control	Alzheimer’s disease	value
Number of participants [N]	115	14
Age: years [mean (±SD)]	72.9 (±5.3)	77.4 (±5.4)	0.002^~
Sex: male [N (%)]	56 (49)	10 (61)	0.11^†
APOE ε4 carrier [N (%)]	27 (23)	12 (86)	0.000001^†
MCA [mm/sec^2, mean (±SD)]	31.12 (±6.56)	26.84 (±4.23)	0.030^‡
MCV [mm/sec, mean (±SD)]	4.22 (±0.65)	3.41 (±0.55)	0.00045^‡
CV [mm/sec, mean (±SD)]	3.02 (±0.49)	2.53 (±0.44)	0.0015^‡
AMP [mm, mean (±SD)]	1.46 (±0.28)	1.15 (±0.28)	0.0030^‡

^~Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the continuous age demographic variable ( considered significant). ^†χ² test for categorical demographic variables (gender and APOE ε4 carrier status) ( considered significant). ^‡ value from generalised linear model analysis of differences between groups (including significant confounders). Bold values significant after adjustment for false discovery rate (FDR) using the Benjamini and Hochberg method. APOE ε4 carrier status refers to carrier/noncarrier of an apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. SD refers to standard deviation, mm refers to millimetres, sec refers to seconds, PFR refers to pupil flash response, HC refers to healthy control, AD refers to Alzheimer’s disease, GLM refers to generalised linear methods, MCA refers to maximum constriction acceleration, MCV refers to maximum constriction velocity, CV refers to average constriction velocity, and AMP refers to constriction amplitude.