Evaluation of Cholinergic Deficiency in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease Using Pupillometry

Table 3

Demographics and descriptive PFR analysis for the longitudinal HC group stratified according to neocortical amyloid burden (NAB), with ANOVA, χ² test, and GLM and ROC analyses.

	Healthy control [low NAB]	Healthy control [high NAB]	value
Number of participants [N]	19	11
Age: years [mean (±SD)]	72.2 (±0.31)	72.1 (±4.3)	0.97^~
Sex: male [N (%)]	7 (37)	8 (73)	0.00026^†
APOE ε4 carrier [N (%)]	4 (21)	10 (91)	0.035^†
Change in MCA [mm/sec^2, mean (±SD)]	−1.49 (±1.80)	−5.66 (±3.10)	0.0068^‡
Change in MCV [mm/sec, mean (±SD)]	−0.19 (±0.17)	−0.55 (±0.42)	0.047^‡
Change in CV [mm/sec, mean (±SD)]	−0.52 (±0.75)	−0.21 (±0.1)	0.62^‡
Change in AMP [mm, mean (±SD)]	−0.24 (±0.32)	−0.13 (±0.09)	0.24^‡

^~Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the continuous age demographic variable ( considered significant). ^†χ² test for categorical demographic variables (gender and APOE ε4 carrier status) ( considered significant). ^‡ value from the generalised linear model analysis of differences between groups (including significant confounders). Bold values significant after adjustment for false discovery rate (FDR) using the Benjamini and Hochberg method. APOE ε4 carrier status refers to carrier/noncarrier of an apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. NAB refers to neocortical amyloid burden, SD refers to standard deviation, mm refers to millimetres, sec refers to seconds, PFR refers to pupil flash response, HC refers to healthy control, AD refers to Alzheimer’s disease, GLM refers to generalised linear methods, MCA refers to maximum constriction acceleration, MCV refers to maximum constriction velocity, CV refers to average constriction velocity, and AMP refers to constriction amplitude.