Five-Year Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type II Diabetes in a Tertiary Care Center in Lebanon
Table 2
Characteristics of the patients with no diabetic retinopathy at baseline according to the development or not of retinopathy.
No baseline DR ()
Incident DR ()
value
Age (years), mean ± SD
55.47 ± 11.52
53.25 ± 8.75
0.32
Male, n (%)
96 (37.94)
12 (42.86)
0.61
Age at diagnosis (years), mean ± SD
50.74 ± 11.15
47.93 ± 8.83
0.25
Duration of diabetes (years), median (IQR)
4.00 (6.00)
6.50 (6.00)
0.05
Family history of diabetes, n (%)
173 (68.38)
20 (71.43)
0.74
Consanguineous parents, n (%)
60 (23.72)
3 (10.71)
0.13
Current smoker, n (%)
86 (33.99)
10 (35.71)
0.96
Smoking (pack-years), median (IQR)
25.00 (30.00)
25.00 (25.00)
0.95
Coronary artery disease, n (%)
46 (18.18)
3 (10.71)
0.44
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)
5 (1.97)
1 (3.57)
0.47
Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)
30 (11.86)
1 (3.57)
0.34
Neuropathy, n (%)
75 (29.64)
8 (28.57)
0.91
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD
30.64 ± 5.90
29.63 ± 3.62
0.64
HbA1c, n (%)
8.27 ± 2.09
8.98 ± 2.48
0.10
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)
0.80 (0.20)
0.80 (0.20)
0.86
Urine microalbuminuria, positive, n (%)
46 (18.18)
19 (67.86)
<0.0001
Urine macroalbuminuria, positive, n (%)
9 (3.56)
3 (10.71)
0.09
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD
125.99 ± 15.69
128.75 ± 11.52
0.14
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD
78.18 ± 8.99
80.32 ± 8.79
0.23
Duration of hypertension (years), median (IQR)
0.00 (4.00)
0.00 (5.00)
0.72
Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD
203.93 ± 48.85
192.71 ± 47.84
0.27
HDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD
44.85 ± 13.43
47.71 ± 17.63
0.40
LDL (mg/dL), mean ± SD
119.63 ± 39.27
110.79 ± 42.22
0.21
Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (IQR)
150.00 (102.00)
180.00 (120.00)
0.68
OR (95% CI)
Urine microalbuminuria, positive
10.53 (4.39–25.23)
<0.0001
Cholesterol
0.99 (0.98–1.00)
0.09
DR: diabetic retinopathy. Odds ratio for the predictors of development of DR in patients with type II diabetes but no DR at baseline obtained using multivariate logistic regression analysis, with variables—urine microalbuminuria, urine macroalbuminuria, HbA1c, serum creatinine, duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis, duration of hypertension, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, family history of diabetes, and body mass index.
