Tear Ferning Test and Pathological Effects on Ocular Surface before and after Topical Cyclosporine in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Patients

Table 1

Clinical and demographic characteristics of 47 VKC patients.

Age range	3–16 years
Age (average ± SD)	8.8 ± 4.7 years
VKC onset (average ± SD)	2.7 ± 1.3 years
Sex: male and female	38 (79.85%) 9 (20.15%)
Forms of VKC	Tarsal: 30 (63.83%)
	Limbal: 12 (25.53%)
	Mixed: 3 (6.38%)
	Corneal: 2 (4.26%)
Total score of signs	12.5 ± 2.0 SD
Total score of symptoms	8.1 ± 2.1 SD
TFT score (average ± SD)	2.43 ± 0.80
Lacrimal MUC5AC (pg/ml)	4,103.33 ± 286.35 SD
Density goblet (cells/field)	30.0 ± 20.0 SD
Score of signs (TSS)	Average ± SD
Hyperemia/chemosis conjunctival	2.5 ± 0.5
Mucous and serious secretions	2.3 ± 0.7
Tarsal papillae < 3 mm	2.3 ± 0.5
Tarsal papillae > 3 mm	2.2 ± 0.4
Horner–Trantas nodules	2.5 ± 0.2
Epithelial keratitis	0.5 ± 0.02
Score of symptoms (TSyS)	Average ± SD
Itching and photophobia	4.0 ± 0.7
Tearing	2.1 ± 0.8
Foreign body sensation	2.0 ± 0.6

VKC: vernal keratoconjunctivitis; SD: standard deviation; TFT: tear ferning test.