Navigation-Guided Endoscopy Combined with Deep Lateral Orbitotomy for Removal of Small Tumors at the Lateral Orbital Apex

Figure 1

Surgical view of removal of the tumor at the lateral orbital apex with a navigation-guided endoscope. (a) Matching the patient’s anatomical landmark with imaging date. (b) Lateral orbitotomy removed the lateral wall. (c, d) Removing the lateral wall to expose the apex and access the tumor (white arrow) under a navigation-guided endoscope. (e, f) Intraconal tumor was identified and exposed fully (white arrow). (g) The tumor was removed integrally by cryoextraction. (h) Intact tumor size: 13 ∗ 8 mm.

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