HMBG1 as a Driver of Inflammatory and Immune Processes in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases

Figure 1

HMGB1 signal by binding to TLR4, CXCR4, and RAGE to moderate BV2 cells, RGC cells, retinal endothelial cells, and retinal microvascular endothelial cells function in PDR. In these cells, HMGB1 binds TLR4 and activates ERK1/2-P38-NF-κB signal pathway. HMGB1 also binds RAGE and upregulated the expression of NF-κB. In human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, HMGB1 binds CXCR4 to activate NF-κB/STAT-3 signal pathway. These three signaling has been implicated in cell inflammatory, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis.