HMBG1 as a Driver of Inflammatory and Immune Processes in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Diseases

Figure 3

Signaling pathways downstream of RAGE, TLR4, and CXCR4 mediate the effects of HMGB1 in corneal diseases. RAGE signals, TLR4 signals, and CXCR4 signals promote the activation of NF-κB. After the activation of NF-κB, the inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, MIP-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ are released.