Research Article
Association between Metformin and a Lower Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Characteristics of the study subjects.
| | Variable | Total (n = 68205) | Metformin group (n = 45524) | Nonmetformin group (n = 22681) | -value |
| | Age, years | 56.1 ± 12.6 | 55.2 ± 12.6 | 57.8 ± 12.7 | <0.0001 | | Age group, years | | | | <0.0001 | | <50 | 22282 (32.7) | 15640 (34.4) | 6642 (29.3) | | | 50–60 | 20464 (30.0) | 14393 (31.6) | 6071 (26.8) | | | 60–70 | 14300 (21.0) | 9501 (20.9) | 4799 (21.1) | | | ≥70 | 11159 (16.3) | 5990 (13.1) | 5169 (22.8) | | | Sex | | | | <0.0001 | | Male | 35892 (52.6) | 24771 (54.4) | 11121 (49.0) | | | Female | 32313 (47.4) | 20753 (45.6) | 11560 (51.0) | | | Hypertension | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 46521 (68.2) | 32004 (70.3) | 14517 (64.0) | | | No | 21684 (31.8) | 13520 (29.7) | 8164 (36.0) | | | Hyperlipidemia | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 45061 (66.1) | 31575 (69.4) | 13486 (59.5) | | | No | 23144 (33.9) | 13949 (30.6) | 9195 (40.5) | | | Coronary artery disease | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 20838 (30.6) | 14481 (31.8) | 6357 (28.0) | | | No | 47367 (69.4) | 31043 (68.2) | 16324 (72.0) | | | Obesity | | | | | | Yes | 3505 (5.1) | 2578 (5.7) | 927 (4.1) | <0.0001 | | No | 64700 (94.9) | 42946 (94.3) | 21754 (95.9) | | | Diabetic retinopathy | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 5727 (8.4) | 5294 (11.6) | 433 (1.9) | | | No | 62478 (91.6) | 40230 (88.4) | 22248 (98.1) | | | Chronic kidney disease | | | | <0.0001 | | Yes | 10843 (15.9) | 5444 (12.0) | 5399 (23.8) | | | No | 57362 (84.1) | 40080 (88.0) | 17282 (76.2) | | | Medications | | | | | | Insulin | 2886 (4.2) | 1457 (3.2) | 1429 (6.3) | <0.0001 | | Sulfonylurea | 39624 (58.1) | 25448 (55.9) | 14176 (62.5) | <0.0001 | | DDP-4 inhibitor | 10412 (15.3) | 6738 (14.8) | 3674 (16.2) | <0.0001 | | Thiazolidinedione | 9256 (13.6) | 6510 (14.3) | 2746 (12.1) | <0.0001 | | Meglitinide | 4324 (6.3) | 2189 (4.8) | 2135 (9.4) | <0.0001 | | α-glucosidase inhibitor | 4090 (6.0) | 2232 (4.9) | 1858 (8.2) | <0.0001 | | Anti-hypertensives | 40584 (59.5) | 27953 (61.4) | 12631 (55.7) | <0.0001 | | Lipid-lowering agents | 39834 (58.4) | 26994 (59.3) | 12840 (56.6) | <0.0001 | | Follow-up period, years | 6.7 ± 3.7 | 6.8 ± 3.7 | 6.7 ± 3.7 | 0.31 | | AMD during the follow-up period | 2828 (4.2) | 1563 (3.4) | 1265 (5.6) | <0.0001 |
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DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; AMD: age-related macular degeneration. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
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