Association between Metformin and a Lower Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
Risk factors for AMD in metformin users and nonusers.
Predictive variable
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Unadjusted HR (95% CI)
-value
Adjusted HR (95% CI)
-value
Metformin use (yes vs. no)
0.52 (0.48–0.57)
<0.0001
0.54 (0.50–0.58)
<0.0001
Age group, years
<50
Reference
Reference
50–60
2.63 (2.30–3.00)
<0.0001
2.57 (2.25–2.94)
<0.0001
60–70
4.79 (4.22–5.45)
<0.0001
4.54 (3.99–5.18)
<0.0001
≥70
7.24 (6.37–8.23)
<0.0001
6.44 (5.63–7.38)
<0.0001
Sex (male vs. female)
0.90 (0.83–0.97)
0.004
1.03 (0.96–1.11)
0.47
Hypertension
1.64 (1.52–1.77)
<0.0001
1.13 (1.04–1.22)
0.0003
Hyperlipidemia
1.11 (1.03–1.19)
0.006
1.10 (1.02–1.17)
0.008
Coronary artery disease
1.41 (1.31–1.52)
<0.0001
1.10 (1.01–1.20)
0.028
Obesity
1.49 (1.11–1.98)
<0.0001
1.28 (1.03–1.63)
0.030
Diabetic retinopathy
1.51 (1.37–1.67)
<0.0001
1.98 (1.78–2.20)
<0.0001
Chronic kidney disease
1.19 (1.08–1.31)
0.0004
1.05 (0.95–1.15)
0.36
Insulin treatment
1.16 (0.97–1.37)
0.10
1.04 (0.88–1.24)
0.63
AMD: age-related macular degeneration; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval. In the multivariate analysis, all variables in the table are included for adjustment.
