Research Article
Prevalence, Causes, and Factors Associated with Visual Impairment and Blindness among Registered Pensioners in Ghana
Table 2
Prevalence of presenting blindness and visual impairment among pensioners in Ghana.
| | | Mild or no visual impairment | Moderate to severe visual impairment | Blindness | | n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI |
| | Overall | 3,300 (74.4) | 73.1–75.7 | 964 (21.7) | 20.5–23.0 | 170 (3.8) | 3.2–4.4 | | Sex | | Male | 2,236 (72.9) | 71.3–74.5 | 693 (22.6) | 21.1–24.1 | 138 (4.5) | 3.8–5.2 | | Female | 1,062 (80.0) | 75.8–80.2 | 268 (19.7) | 17.6–21.8 | 32 (2.4) | 1.5–3.2 | | Age (years) | | <65 | 1,323 (82.7) | 80.1–84.6 | 243 (15.2) | 12.4–17.0 | 33 (2.1) | 1.3–2.8 | | 65–69 | 1,153 (78.2) | 76.1–80.3 | 283 (19.2) | 17.2–21.2 | 39 (2.64) | 1.8–3.4 | | 70–74 | 507 (66.1) | 62.7–69.5 | 218 (28.4) | 25.2–31.6 | 42 (2.5) | 3.9–7.1 | | 75–79 | 182 (54.8) | 49.5–60.2 | 118 (35.5) | 30.4–40.7 | 32 (9.6) | 6.5–12.8 | | ≥80 | 63 (48.1) | 39.5–56.7 | 52 (39.7) | 31.3–48.1 | 16 (12.2) | 6.6–17.8 | | Highest formal educational status | | None | 291 (60.8) | 56.3–65.1 | 152 (31.7) | 27.5–35.9 | 36 (7.5) | 5.1–9.9 | | Primary | 1,180 (74.8) | 72.7–80.0 | 342 (21.7) | 19.7–23.7 | 55 (3.5) | 2.6–4.4 | | Secondary | 466 (76.5) | 73.1–79.9 | 123 (20.2) | 17.0–23.4 | 20 (3.3) | 1.9–4.7 | | Tertiary | 915 (80.7) | 78.4–83.0 | 187 (16.5) | 14.3–18.7 | 32 (2.8) | 1.9–3.8 | | Vocational | 129 (80.6) | 74.5–86.8 | 29 (18.1) | 12.1–24.1 | 2 (1.3) | 0.5–3.0 | | Body mass index WHO classification | | Underweight | 152 (60.6) | 54.5–44.4 | 86 (34.3) | 28.4–40.2 | 13 (5.2) | 2.4–7.9 | | Normal | 1,493 (71.7) | 69.7–73.6 | 491 (23.6) | 21.8–25.4 | 99 (4.7) | 3.8–5.7 | | Overweight | 1,023 (78.7) | 76.5–80.9 | 243 (18.7) | 16.6–20.8 | 34 (2.6) | 1.7–3.5 | | Obese | 558 (79.8) | 76.9–82.8 | 122 (17.5) | 14.6–20.3 | 19 (2.7) | 1.5–3.9 | | Current smoking status | | Nonsmoker | 3,008 (80.0) | 73.6–76.3 | 853 (21.3) | 20.0–22.5 | 151 (3.8) | 3.2–4.4 | | Smoker | 66 (69.6) | 60.2–78.8 | 23 (24.2) | 15.5–32.9 | 6 (6.3) | 1.4–11.2 | | Known diabetic status | | Nondiabetic | 2,826 (74.8) | 73.4–76.2 | 808 (21.4) | 20.1–22.7 | 144 (3.8) | 3.2–4.4 | | Diabetic | 330 (76.4) | 72.3–80.4 | 83 (19.2) | 15.5–22.9 | 19 (4.4) | 2.5–6.3 | | Region of residence | | Central | 97 (58.1) | 50.6–65.6 | 55 (32.9) | 25.8–40.0 | 15 (9.0) | 4.6–13.3 | | Upper West | 218 (66.9) | 61.8–72.0 | 82 (25.2) | 20.4–29.9 | 26 (8.0) | 5.0–10.9 | | Ashanti | 937 (85.1) | 83.0–87.2 | 123 (11.2) | 9.3–13.0 | 41 (3.7) | 2.6–4.8 | | Northern | 218 (66.7) | 61.5–71.8 | 87 (26.6) | 21.8–31.4 | 22 (6.7) | 4.0–9.4 | | Upper East | 156 (59.1) | 53.1–65.0 | 96 (36.4) | 30.5–42.2 | 12 (4.6) | 2.0–7.1 | | Brong-Ahafo | 210 (75.8) | 70.8–80.9 | 55 (19.9) | 15.1–24.6 | 12 (4.3) | 1.9–6.7 | | Western | 415 (64.6) | 60.9–68.3 | 208 (32.4) | 28.7–36.0 | 19 (3.0) | 1.6–4.3 | | Volta | 346 (71.8) | 67.8–75.8 | 126 (26.1) | 22.2–30.1 | 10 (2.1) | 0.8–3.3 | | Eastern | 345 (87.6) | 84.2–90.8 | 41 (10.4) | 7.4–13.4 | 8 (2.0) | 0.6–3.4 | | Greater Accra | 313 (82.6) | 78.8–86.4 | 62 (16.4) | 12.6–20.0 | 4 (1.1) | 0.03–2.0 |
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