Prevalence, Causes, and Factors Associated with Visual Impairment and Blindness among Registered Pensioners in Ghana
Table 6
Factors associated with blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among pensioners in Ghana adjusting for age and sex in model (A) and adjusting for age, sex, and highest educational status in model B.
Model A
#Model B
AOR ∧
95% CI+
P value
AOR ⋀
95% CI+
value
Highest formal education
No formal education
—
Primary
0.7
0.5–0.9
<0.001
Secondary
0.7
0.5–0.9
<0.005
Tertiary
0.6
0.4–0.7
<0.001
Vocational
0.5
0.3–0.8
<0.005
Body mass index WHO classification
Underweight
1.5
1.1–1.9
<0.05
1.5
1.1–2.1
0.006
Normal
—
—
Overweight
0.8
0.6–0.9
<0.005
0.8
0.7–1.0
0.06
Obese
0.8
0.6–1.0
<0.05
0.8
0.6–1.0
0.9
Vegetarian
Nonvegetarian
—
—
Vegetarian
1.9
1.2–3.0
<0.005
1.9
1.2–3.0
0.009
History of arthritis
No arthritis
—
—
Had arthritis
1.2
1.0–1.5
<0.05
1.3
1.1–1.6
0.008
Urine proteins
Negative
—
—
—
Trace
1.3
1.1–1.7
<0.5
1.5
1.2–1.9
0.002
Positive (+, ++, +++, ++++)
1.5
1.2–1.9
<0.005
1.5
1.1–1.9
0.003
Model A: adjusting for age and sex. #Model B: adjusting for age, sex, and highest educational status. AOR^: adjusted odds ratio. 95% CI+: 95% confidence interval.
