Association between Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Risk of Depression: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Table 3
Analyses of the risk factors for depression among patients with CSC.
Predictive variables
Univariate analysis
Multivariable analysis
Unadjusted HR (95% CI)
value
Adjusted HR (95% CI)
value
Age
≤40
Reference
Reference
40–50
1.09 (0.96–1.22)
0.18
1.01 (0.89–1.14)
0.90
50–60
1.27 (1.19–1.47)
0.001
1.05 (0.90–1.24)
0.52
60–70
1.59 (1.32–1.93)
<0.05
1.18 (0.96–1.46)
0.13
≥70
1.56 (1.22–1.99)
<0.0001
1.59 (1.23–2.04)
0.0004
Gender (male vs. female)
0.68 (0.62–0.75)
<0.0001
0.69 (0.62–0.76)
<0.0001
State of CSC
First onset
Reference
Reference
Recurrence
0.50 (0.45–0.56)
<0.0001
0.45 (0.40–0.50)
<0.0001
Charlson comorbidity index
<2
Reference
Reference
≥2
1.40 (1.25–1.58)
<0.0001
1.04 (0.91–1.18)
0.60
Insurance cost
<30000 NTD
Reference
Reference
≥30000 NTD
0.69 (0.61–0.77)
<0.0001
0.80 (0.72–0.90)
0.0002
Urbanization level
Urban
Reference
Reference
Rural
1.10 (0.99–1.22)
0.06
1.08 (0.97–1.19)
0.15
Types of steroid medications
Systemic (yes vs. no)
1.55 (1.38–1.74)
<0.0001
1.21 (1.08–1.36)
0.002
Cutaneous (yes vs. no)
1.96 (1.70–2.25)
<0.0001
1.64 (1.41–1.90)
<0.0001
Local injection (yes vs. no)
1.68 (1.52–1.86)
<0.0001
1.38 (1.24–1.54)
<0.0001
Nasal/inhaled (yes vs. no)
1.67 (1.48–1.87)
<0.0001
1.47 (1.30–1.67)
<0.0001
Eye drops/ointments (yes vs. no)
1.40 (1.22–1.61)
<0.0001
1.19 (1.03–1.38)
0.017
Hypertension (yes vs. no)
1.07 (0.96–1.20)
0.21
1.05 (0.95–1.16)
0.34
Peptic ulcer (yes vs. no)
1.56 (1.40–1.73)
<0.0001
1.27 (1.14–1.43)
<0.0001
Smoking (yes vs. no)
1.42 (1.27–1.59)
<0.0001
1.18 (1.06–1,31)
0.002
CSC indicates central serous chorioretinopathy, NTD indicates New Taiwan Dollar, HR indicates hazard ratio, and CI indicates confidence interval. In the multivariable analysis, all the other variables in the table are included for adjustment.
