Cellular Signaling in Müller Glia: Progenitor Cells for Regenerative and Neuroprotective Responses in Pharmacological Models of Retinal Degeneration

Table 2

Signaling cascades contributing to MGPC formation in pharmacological models.

Substance	Signal pathway		Müller glia state	Animal tested	MGPC function
NMDA	Jak/Stat	Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Chicken	Regenerative [89]
		Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Mouse	Regenerative [90]
	mTor	Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Chicken	Regenerative [91]
		Downregulation	—	Rat	Neuroprotective [92, 93]
		Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Mouse	Regenerative [90]
	ERK	Upregulation	Dedifferentiation	Chicken	Regenerative [94]
		Activate	—	Rat	Neuroprotective [92, 95]
		Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Mouse	Regenerative [90]
	Wnt-catenin	Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Chicken	Regenerative [96]
		Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Rat	Regenerative [97]
	Notch	Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Avian	Regenerative [98]
		Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Chinken	Regenerative [99]
		Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Rat	Regenerative [97]
		Downregulation	Pro	Fish	Regenerative [100]
	Glutamate	Activate	Pro and dedi	Rat	Regenerative [101, 102]
	Retinoic acid	Upregulation	Pro and dedi	Avian	Regenerative [103]
	BMP4/7	Upregulation	Proliferation	Chicken	Neuroprotective [104]
	BMP4/Smad1/5/8	Upregulation	Dedifferentiation	Chicken	Regenerative [105]
	TGFβ/P-smad2/3	Downregulation	Dedifferentiation	Chicken	Regenerative [105]
MNU	TGFβ/P-smad3	Downregulation	Proliferation	Zerafish	Regenerative [106]
	P53/P21-cyclin1	Upregulation	Dedifferentiation	Rat	Regenerative [107, 108]
	SHH	Activate	Pro and dedi	Rat	Regenerative [109]
NAIO3	Notch	Downregulation	Dedifferentiation	Rat	Regenerative [110]
	NTs	Overproduce	Proliferation	Mouse	Neuroprotective [111]
STZ	VEGFR2-AKT	VEGFR2-AKT; (knockout-activate)	Apoptosis	Mice	Apoptosis [112]
	P-ERK1/2	Activate	Activate	Rat	Neuroprotective [113]

Pro: proliferation; dedi: dedifferentiation.