Review Article
Cellular Signaling in Müller Glia: Progenitor Cells for Regenerative and Neuroprotective Responses in Pharmacological Models of Retinal Degeneration
Table 2
Signaling cascades contributing to MGPC formation in pharmacological models.
| Substance | Signal pathway | Müller glia state | Animal tested | MGPC function |
| NMDA | Jak/Stat | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chicken | Regenerative [89] | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Mouse | Regenerative [90] | mTor | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chicken | Regenerative [91] | Downregulation | — | Rat | Neuroprotective [92, 93] | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Mouse | Regenerative [90] | ERK | Upregulation | Dedifferentiation | Chicken | Regenerative [94] | Activate | — | Rat | Neuroprotective [92, 95] | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Mouse | Regenerative [90] | Wnt-catenin | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chicken | Regenerative [96] | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [97] | Notch | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Avian | Regenerative [98] | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Chinken | Regenerative [99] | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [97] | Downregulation | Pro | Fish | Regenerative [100] | Glutamate | Activate | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [101, 102] | Retinoic acid | Upregulation | Pro and dedi | Avian | Regenerative [103] | BMP4/7 | Upregulation | Proliferation | Chicken | Neuroprotective [104] | BMP4/Smad1/5/8 | Upregulation | Dedifferentiation | Chicken | Regenerative [105] | TGFβ/P-smad2/3 | Downregulation | Dedifferentiation | Chicken | Regenerative [105] |
| MNU | TGFβ/P-smad3 | Downregulation | Proliferation | Zerafish | Regenerative [106] | P53/P21-cyclin1 | Upregulation | Dedifferentiation | Rat | Regenerative [107, 108] | SHH | Activate | Pro and dedi | Rat | Regenerative [109] |
| NAIO3 | Notch | Downregulation | Dedifferentiation | Rat | Regenerative [110] | NTs | Overproduce | Proliferation | Mouse | Neuroprotective [111] |
| STZ | VEGFR2-AKT | VEGFR2-AKT (knockout-activate) | Apoptosis | Mice | Apoptosis [112] | P-ERK1/2 | Activate | Activate | Rat | Neuroprotective [113] |
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Pro: proliferation; dedi: dedifferentiation.
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