Risk Factors for Persistent or Recurrent Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Table 1
Demographic and clinical data and univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for persistent or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy.
Exposure
Acute CSC patients (n = 20)
Patients with persistent or recurrent CSC (n = 118)
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
cOR (95% CI)
aOR (95% CI)
Male sex
14 (70.0)
95 (80.5)
1.770 (0.614–5.106)
0.291
5.634 (1.023–31.024)
0.047
Age
41.00 ± 7.06
46.29 ± 8.84
1.086 (1.016–1.161)
0.015
1.137 (1.034–1.249)
0.008
Hypertension
1 (5.0)
26 (22.0)
5.370 (0.686–42.023)
0.109
2.140 (0.228–20.116)
0.506
Depression
4 (20.0)
24 (20.3)
1.021 (0.313–3.336)
0.972
1.474 (0.338–6.434)
0.606
Allergic diseases
4 (20.0)
23 (19.5)
0.968 (0.296–3.172)
0.958
3.670 (0.826–16.310)
0.088
Tobacco use
7 (35.0)
52 (44.1)
1.463 (0.545–3.930)
0.450
0.870 (0.227–3.332)
0.839
Life changes
3 (15.0)
17 (14.4)
0.954 (0.252–3.608)
0.944
0.603 (0.119–3.066)
0.542
Stress at work
11 (55.0)
47 (39.8)
0.542 (0.208–1.407)
0.208
0.520 (0.163–1.661)
0.270
Monthly amount of alcohol consumed (standard drink)
0.00 (0.00, 10.14, range 0.00–84.55)
3.38 (0.00, 33.81, range 0.00–169.07)
1.019 (0.995–1.043)
0.121
1.020 (0.993–1.048)
0.146
Monthly shift work hours
0.00 (0.00, 10.25, range 0–171)
0.00 (0.00, 45.75, range 0–360)
1.009 (0.995–1.023)
0.232
1.008 (0.992–1.025)
0.338
Sleep beginning time
−1 (−2, 0, range −3–1)
−1 (−2, 0, range −4–7)
1.115 (0.823–1.511)
0.483
0.966 (0.542–1.720)
0.906
Sleep hours per day
7.5 (7, 8 range 5–8)
7.0 (6, 8 range 2–11)
0.805 (0.584–1.110)
0.185
1.207 (0.677–2.154)
0.523
ISI score
1 (1, 4, range 0–10)
3 (1, 9, range 0–22)
1.174 (1.011–1.364)
0.035
1.298 (1.051–1.604)
0.015
aOR = accurate odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; cOR = crude odds ratio; CSC = central serous chorioretinopathy; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; age is presented as mean ± standard deviation; other continuous variables are presented as median (P25, P75, range); all categorical variables are presented as number (%). Sleep beginning time was reset: we defined 12 am as 0, 11 pm as −1, 1 am as 1, and so on. Thus, the sleep beginning time was rendered a continuous variable.
