Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Retinal and Choroidal Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of all the included studies regarding the effect of smoking on the thickness of retina and choroid.

Author, year	Study design	Country	No. of case/control	Age (years)	Gender (female/male)	Retina and choroid detection	Smoking definition	Adjustments/matched	Scale^#
Duman et al., 2017	Cross-sectional	Turkey	54/54	40.13 ± 12.36/40.57 ± 12.13	52/56	Heidelberg Spectralis	10–80 pack-years	Age and gender	5
Çakır et al., 2016	Case-control	Turkey	36/36	26.2 ± 6.0/25.7 ± 4.1	30/42	Cirrus EDI-OCT	20 cigarettes/day for 5 years	Age and gender	6
Dervişoğulları et al., 2015	Case-control	Turkey	44/44	39.85 ± 8.41/38.66 ± 10.47	20/68	Cirrus HD-OCT	≥1 pack of cigarettes/day for >10 years	Age and gender	7
Kantarci et al., 2016	Case-control	Turkey	46/42	51.8 ± 8.5/48.3 ± 9.9	15/73	RS-3000 OCT Retina Scan	10–120 pack-years	Age, sex, spherical equivalent, and AL	5
Moschos et al., 2016	Case-control	Greece	31/25	57.8 ± 4.5/68.0 ± 4.1	25/31	Heidelberg Spectralis	>25-year cigarette smoking	Age and gender	5
Sobaci et al., 2013	Case-control	Turkey	45/45	32.9 ± 3.9/33.1 ± 4.1	33/57	Heidelberg retinal angiogram	>1 box/day for >5 years	Age and gender	6
Sızmaz et al., 2013	Case-control	Turkey	17/17	34.3 ± 8.0/31.3 ± 5.9	16/18	Optovue Inc	3–45 cigarettes/day	Age and gender	6
Sigler et al., 2014	Prospective consecutive case series	USA	67/80	78 ± 7.2	NA	Heidelberg Spectralis	Current and former smoking	NA	4
Dervişoğulları et al., 2015	Prospective cross-sectional	Turkey	24/22	38.62 ± 8.86/34.40 ± 8.76	10/36	Cirrus HD OCT	Smoking for over 10 years	Age and gender	5
Ulaş et al., 2014	Cross-sectional	Turkey	30/40	28.73 ± 3.75/29.75 ± 2.90	35/35	Spectralis SD OCT	20–40 cigarettes/day for 1 year	Age and gender	6
Ayhan et al., 2017	Case-control	Turkey	40/40	41.2 ± 9.1/42.6 ± 8.4	24/56	XR Avanti AngioVue OCTA	Chronic smoking	Age and gender	6
El-Shazly et al., 2017	Cross-sectional	Egypt	80/80	26.28 ± 3.83/25.53 ± 3.90	11/149	Retina Scan RS-3000 Advance	≥10 cigarettes for 10 years	Age and gender	6
El-Shazly et al., 2017	Cross-sectional	Egypt	100/100	27.41 ± 4.71/26.41 ± 4.33	0/200	Retina Scan RS-3000 advance	Smoking for over 10 years	Age and gender	7

^#A modified scoring scale for this study based on Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS).