Vitamins and Mineral Supplements for Retinitis Pigmentosa

Table 1

Characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Methods	Participants	Genetic profile	Interventions	Length of follow-up	Outcomes	Adverse events	Notes
Berson et al. [17]	RCT	601 (572); RP participants; Age: 18–49 years; 62% men and 38% women	Autosomal dominant; autosomal recessive; X-linked; isolate; others	Group A: vitamin A 15000 IU/d plus vitamin E 3 IU/d; Trace group: vitamin A 75 IU/d plus vitamin E 3 IU/d; Group A + E: vitamin A 15000 IU/d plus vitamin E 400 IU/d; Group E: vitamin A 75 IU/d plus vitamin E 400 IU/d	4 years	Primary outcome: cone ERG; Secondary outcomes: visual field; visual acuity; Losses to follow-up: 29/601 (5%)	1 patient in group A + E resulted in a worsening condition	Subgroup analyses: post hoc analysis conducted in cohort of participants with cone ERG > 0.68 µV (354 participants)
Pasantes-Morales et al. [18]	RCT	72 (62); RP participants; Age: 10–50 years; 29 men/33 women	Not mentioned	Experimental group: diltiazem 30 mg and vitamin E 400 mg; Placebo group: taurine, 1 g	3 years	Primary outcome: visual field; Secondary outcomes: full-field ERG; visual acuity; Losses to follow-up: 12% of the total	None reported	—
Berson et al. [19]	RCT	221 (208); RP participants; Age: 18–55 years 51% men and 49% women	Autosomal dominant; autosomal recessive; X-linked; isolate; others	DHA + A group: 1200 mg/d DHA + 15000 IU/d vitamin A; Control + A group: 15000 IU/d vitamin A	4 years	Primary outcome: visual field; Secondary outcomes: ERG; visual acuity; Losses to follow-up: 13/221 (5%)	None reported	Subgroup analyses: participants not taking vitamin A prior to enrollment and those taking vitamin A for 2 years prior to enrollment
Hoffman et al. [20]	RCT	44 (41); RP participants; Age: 4–38 years men only	X-linked	DHA group = 400 mg/d placebo group = corn/soy oil triglyceride	4 years	Primary outcome: ERG secondary outcomes: visual field; visual acuity; Losses to follow-up: 3/44 (6%) in total	None reported	Rod ERG in X-linked RP children < 12 years and children ≥ 12 years
Bahrami et al. [21]	RCT	45 (34); RP participants; Age (mean ± SD):34 (49.2 ± 9.0); 38% men and 62% women	Not mentioned	Lutein capsules group: lutein capsules 10 mg/day for 12 weeks, 30 mg/day for 12 weeks; Placebo group: placebo capsules 24 weeks	24 weeks	Primary outcome: visual acuity; Secondary outcomes: visual field; Losses to follow-up: 11/45 (24%) lutein capsules group	1 participant on lutein and 2 on placebo had impaired liver function tests at one of their 6-week visits; 2 participants had significant intolerance to multivitamin at the start of the study	—
Berson et al. [22]	RCT	240 (225); RP participants; Age (mean ± SD): control group: 40 (1.0); lutein + vitamin A group: 38 (1.00) control group: men 53%; lutein + vitamin A group: men 47%	Autosomal dominant; autosomal recessive; X-linked; isolate; others	Lutein + vitamin A group: 12 mg/d; Control tablet + vitamin A group: cornstarch control	4 years	Primary outcome: visual field; Secondary outcomes: ERG; visual acuity; Losses to follow-up: 15/240 (6%)	1 patient in the control plus vitamin A group died in a motorcycle accident; 2 patients in the lutein plus vitamin A group showed slight elevations of serum liver function levels at year 4	—
Rotenstreich et al. [23]	RCT	34 (29); RP participants; Age (mean ± SD): 46.7 (16.9) years 72% men and 28% women	Not mentioned	9-cis -carotene group: capsules containing 300 mg of 9-cis β-carotene-rich alga Dunaliella bardawil (β-carotene, approximately 20 mg); Placebo group: starch 300 mg	A 90-day	Primary outcome: the dark-adapted ERG maximal b-wave response amplitude; Secondary outcomes: the light-adapted ERG b-wave response amplitudes visual field; visual acuity; Losses to follow-up: 5/34 (14%)	None reported	—
Hoffman et al. [24]	RCT	78 (60) RP participants; Age (mean ± SD): DHA group: 16.1 (1.4), placebo group: 14.9 (1.1) men only	X-linked	DHA group = algal-derived DHA (30 mg/kg/d); Placebo group = corn/soy oil triglyceride	4 years	Primary outcome: cone ERG; Secondary outcomes: rod ERG; Losses to follow-up: 18/78 (23%)	1 participant with a family history of Crohn disease who was sensitive to DHA supplementation; no severe TEAEs	—