Characteristics of Facial Asymmetry in Congenital Superior Oblique Palsy according to Trochlear Nerve Absence

Table 2

Objective measurement of facial asymmetry features in congenital superior oblique palsy patients with the absence of a trochlear nerve (absent group) or presence of a trochlear nerve (present group) compared with controls.

	Absent group (1) (n = 173)	Present group (2) (n = 114)	Control (3) (n = 82)	value^a	Post hoc
Face tilt (°)	5.36 ± 5.00 (0–26.30)	4.23 ± 3.69 (0–20.50)	2.17 ± 1.99 (0–12.65)	<0.001	1, 2 > 3
Slope of eyebrows (°)	3.92 ± 2.68 (0–11.81)	3.34 ± 2.50 (0–10.59)	1.87 ± 1.50 (0–8.08)	<0.001	1, 2 > 3
Difference in slopes of eyes (°)	9.51 ± 5.51 (0–22.62)	7.64 ± 5.58 (0–24.45)	11.07 ± 5.05 (0–26.73)	<0.001	1, 3 > 2
Difference in hemifacial area^b (%)	3.73 ± 3.58 (0.03–21.52)	3.28 ± 3.49 (0–17.84)	2.58 ± 2.09 (0.05–10.57)	0.034	1, 2 > 3
Nose deviation (°)	3.91 ± 2.91 (0–12.34)	2.87 ± 2.39 (0–11.28)	2.02 ± 1.53 (0–7.80)	<0.001	1 > 2 > 3
Slope of lips (°)	4.04 ± 3.61 (0–17.99)	3.63 ± 3.01 (0–14.15)	2.10 ± 1.99 (0–12.22)	<0.001	1, 2 > 3
Difference in slopes of eye and mouth (°)	0.04 ± 0.03 (0–0.22)	0.03 ± 0.02 (0–0.13)	0.02 ± 0.02 (0–0.08)	<0.001	1, 2 > 3

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ^a value by one-way ANOVA. Post hoc test was performed by Dunnett T3. ^bProportion of “absolute difference of left and right hemifacial area” to “total face area.”