Visual Sequelae of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study

Table 3

Multivariate logistic regression analysis model of factors affecting the occurrence of computer vision syndrome.

Variable	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	value
Gender
Males	1
Females	1.8 (1.0 : 3.2)	0.047
Total daily screen-hours	2.1 (1.7 : 2.6)	<0.0001
Commonest used screen
Desktop computer screen	1
Apple smartphone	1.0 (0.3 : 3.3)	0.94
Android smartphone	3.2 (1.2 : 8.1)	0.02
Laptop	1.7 (0.7 : 4.8)	0.23
iPad/tablet/other screens	3.8 (0.4 : 40.5)	0.27
Screen size
Large	1
Medium/small	1.7 (0.96 : 2.9)	0.07
Screen-version
New	1
Old	0.8 (0.3 : 2.2)	0.63
Main screen-time purpose is
Medicine	1
Social	1.44 (0.7 : 3.0)	0.33
Previous DED diagnosis	3.8 (0.9 : 15.7)	0.06
Refractive errors/wearing	2.1 (1.2 : 3.8)	0.01
Contact lenses wearer	0.03 (0.005 : 0.1)	<0.0001
Poor lighting conditions	1.46 (0.6 : 3.7)	0.42
Watch screen in the dark	0.9 (0.5 : 1.8)	0.75
Upper screen edge at/above horizontal eye level	47.5 (10.1 : 225.1)	<0.0001
Close eye-screen distance	11.2 (5.1 : 24.6)	<0.0001
Uncomfortable seating postures	13.4 (2.4 : 75.5)	0.003
Texting with both thumbs	7.6 (3.1 : 18.6)	<0.0001
Screen-glare	2.0 (0.3 : 15.5)	0.52
Poor screen-resolution or design	35.8 (4.4 : 295.1)	0.001
Small font size	1.9 (0.88 : 4.1)	0.11