Visual Sequelae of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study

Table 7

Multivariate linear regression analysis of factors affecting the total number of symptoms.

Variable	Regression coefficient (95% confidence interval)	value
Age/years	0.1 (−0.04 : 0.2)	0.23
Gender
Males	1
Females	0.5 (0.2 : 0.8)	0.001
Total daily screen-hours	0.2 (0.1 : 0.3)	<0.0001
Screen-years	0.03 (−0.1 : 0.1)	0.53
Commonest used screen
Desktop computer screen	1
Apple smartphone	0.3 (−0.3 : 0.9)	0.36
Android smartphone	0.4 (−0.2 : 0.9)	0.19
Laptop	0.2 (−0.3 : 0.8)	0.39
iPad/tablet/other screens	0.4 (−0.7 : 1.5)	0.50
Screen size
Large	1
Medium/small	0.3 (0.04 : 0.6)	0.02
Study medicine using
Books	1
Screens/both	0.5 (0.1 : 0.9)	0.03
Main screen-time purpose is
Medicine	1
Social	0.2 (−0.1 : 0.6)	0.24
Previous DED diagnosis	0.9 (0.5 : 1.4)	<0.0001
Refractive errors/wearing	0.6 (0.3 : 0.9)	<0.0001
Contact lenses wearer	0.2 (−0.5 : 0.9)	0.53
Poor lighting conditions	1.3 (0.9 : 1.7)	<0.0001
Watch screen in the dark	0.0003 (−0.3 : 0.3)	0.998
Upper screen edge at/above horizontal eye level	1.5 (1.1 : 1.8)	<0.0001
Close eye-screen distance	1.2 (0.9 : 1.6)	<0.0001
Uncomfortable seating postures	1.2 (0.7 : 1.7)	<0.0001
Texting with both thumbs	1.7 (1.3 : 2.00)	<0.0001
Screen-glare	1.6 (0.9 : 2.3)	<0.0001
Poor screen-resolution or design	1.6 (0.9 : 2.3)	<0.0001
Small font size	0.7 (0.4 : 1.1)	<0.0001