Endophthalmitis following Intravitreal Injection, Cataract Surgery, and Vitrectomy: Clinical Features and Visual Outcomes

Table 1

Patient characteristic data of presumed endophthalmitis cases (n = 61) after cataract surgery, intravitreal injections (IVI), and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João.

	Total (n = 61)	Cataract surgery (n = 27)	PPV (n = 9)	IVI (n = 25)	value
Age (y) [95% CI]	76,0 (69,0; 80,0) [73,0 to 78,0]	76,0 (70,0; 79,0) [71,9 to 78,4]	77,0 (65,0; 81,5) [70,0 to 81,4]	73,0 (65,0; 80,5) [71,0 to 79,4]	0,781
Gender
Male [95% CI]	25 (41,0) [31,1 to 52,1]	11 (40,7) [25,9 to 55,6]	6 (66,7) [33,3 to 93,1]	8 (32,0) [16,0 to 48,0]	0,193
Female [95% CI]	36 (59,0) [47,9 to 68,9]	16 (59,3) [44,4 to 74,1]	3 (33,3) [6,9 to 66,7]	17 (68,0) [52,0 to 84,0]
Comorbidities
Yes [95% CI]	36 (59,0) [47,5 to 71,1]	12 (44,4) [25,9 to 71,8]	4 (44,4) [11,1 to 70,9]	20 (80,0) [56,0 to 96,0]	0,021
No [95% CI]	25 (41,0) [28,9 to 52,5]	15 (55,6) [28,2 to 74,1,7]	5 (55,6) [29,1 to 88,9]	5 (20,0) [4,0 to 44,0]
Vitrectomy
Yes [95% CI]	48 (78,7) [9,2 to 33,4]	17 (63,0) [39,3 to 77,8]	8 (88,9) [55,6 to 100,0]	23 (92,0) [78,5 to 100,0]	0,028
No [95% CI]	13 (21,3) [28,9 to 52,5]	10 (37,0) [22,2 to 60,7]	1 (11,1) [0,0 to 44,4]	2 (8,0) [0,0 to 21,5]
Time to the onset of symptoms (days) [95% CI]	4,5 (2,0; 9,5) [3,0 to 4,0]	6,0 (3,0; 12,0) [4,0 to 10,4]	3,5 (1,5; 14,0) [1,0 to 12,0]	4,0 (2,0; 7,0) [2,0 to 6,4]	0,259
Presenting VA (logMAR) [95% CI]	3,0 (3,0; 4,0) [3,0 to 3,0]	3,0 (1,8; 4,0) [2,6 to 4,0]	4,0 (3,0; 4,0) [3,0 to 4,0]	3,0 (2,0; 3,8) [2,8 to 3,0]	0,060
Final VA (logMAR) [95% CI]	0,8 (0,3; 4,0) [0,4 to 2,0]	0,3 (0,2; 2,0) [0,2 to 0,9]	4,0 (3,5; 4,0) [3,6 to 4,9]	1,3(0,4; 3,0) [0,4 to 2,0]	0,002
Variation of VA (logMAR) [95% CI]	−0,7 (−2,7; 0,0) [−2,1 to −1,2]	−2,0 (−2,8; 0,0) [−2,7 to −0,4]	0,0 (−0,5; 1) [−2,00 to 1,0]	−1 (−2,0 0,0) [−1,8 to–0,9]	0,055
Time until vitrectomy (days) [95% CI]	2,00 (1,0; 3,0) [1,0 to 2,0]	2,0 (1,0; 3,5) [1,0 to 3,0]	2,5 (2,0; 6,0) [2,0 to 6,2]	1,0 (1,0; 2,0) [1,0 to 2,0]	0,035
Visual outcome
Poor outcome, n (%) [95% CI]	26 (42,6) [26,2 to 59,6]	7 (25,9) [11,1 to 39,9]	8 (88,9) [51,3 to 100,0]	11 (44,0) [24,0 to 67,0]	0,004
Good outcome, n (%) [95% CI]	35 (57,4) [40,4 to 73,8]	20 (74,1) [60,1 to 88,9]	1 (11,1) [0,0 to 48,7]	14 (56,0) [33,0 to 76,0]

Values are displayed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables. Comparisons were made with the chi-squared test and Fisher exact test for dichotomous data. For continuous variable, nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used. The level of statistical significance was set at . Poor outcome was classified as VA worse than or equal than counting fingers (CF) and good outcome classified as VA better than CF. PPV = pars plana vitrectomy; IV = intravitreal injection; VA = visual acuity; logMAR = logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution.