Recent Advances and the Mechanism of Astaxanthin in Ophthalmological Diseases

Table 1

Summary of in clinical studies on eye and AST.

Study type	Number	AST dose and duration	Referred ocular disease	Biological effects	Index	References
Prospective,	60 patients/120 eyes	12 mg/day	DES	Improve the symptoms and signs	Osd, tbut, FBUT, CFS, MG	[42]
One-group		30 ± 2 days
RCT	43	20 mg/kg/day	DES	Improve tear production and tear film stability	Schirmer test, TBUT	[14]
		8 weeks		Reduce levels of ROS
RCT	20	12 mg/day	ARMD	Choroidal blood flow velocity	—	[44]
		4 weeks
RCT	27	4 mg/day	ARMD	—	mfERG	[43]
		12 months
RCT	145	4 mg/day	ARMD	Stable/improve contrast sensitivity and visual acuity	—	[45]
		12 months
RCT	35	6 mg/day; 2 weeks	ARMD	Affect O2.- scavenging activity in the aqueous humor	—	[1, 49]