Ocular examination is an essential diagnostic component of any physical examination, which can assist in the differential diagnosis and can be crucial in decision regarding the treatment method.

A significant number of diseases are known to present with ocular involvement, such as vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, diseases involving the nervous system, or rheumatoid diseases. Sometimes, ocular involvement is present as a primary symptom, such as peripheral corneal ulcer in case of Wegener granulomatosis or rheumatoid arthritis, or secondary to a systemic disease, for example, retinal angiopathy related to hypertension.

Ocular symptoms connected to systemic diseases involve both anterior and posterior eye segments and all tissues of the eye globe. Therefore, there is a wide variety of ocular symptoms in clinical practice which are crucial in the differential diagnosis.

Recent reports underline the role of ocular involvement in diseases such as obesity, acne rosacea, or kidney diseases. There is also a need for new treatment methods of already known ocular symptoms, such as diabetic retinopathy or uveitis.

Recent advances in diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology, for example, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), provide new opportunities to diagnose microvascular systemic changes.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Ocular symptoms which are primary or secondary manifestations of systemic diseases
• New ocular symptoms which were not previously described for particular systemic diseases
• Methods of differential diagnosis of ocular symptoms
• New diagnostic equipment under development
• New treatment methods of known diseases with ocular involvement