Bone Loss Rate May Interact with Other Risk Factors for Fractures among Elderly Women: A 15-Year Population-Based Study
Table 2
Predictors of 15-year fracture free-survival according to bone loss rate tertiles. Uni- and multi-variate Cox proportional hazards models* ().
Variables
Univariate Sig.
HR (95% CI)
Multivariate Sig.
HR (95% CI)
High bone loss rate
Grip strength
0.294
0.993(0.981–1.006)
0.290
0.992(0.977–1.007)
Grip strength change
0.200
1.501(0.807–2.791)
0.609
1.200(0.596–2.416)
No previous fracture
0.052
0.584(0.339–1.004)
0.472
0.785(0.406–1.518)
Age
0.348
0.965(0.895–1.040)
0.115
0.929(0.847–1.018)
Body mass index
0.174
0.964(0.914–1.016)
0.348
0.968(0.906–1.036)
Weight change
0.727
0.992(0.951–1.036)
0.433
0.980(0.932–1.031)
Use of HT**
0.866
0.919
Premenopausal (no HT)
0.748
1.106(0.598–2.047)
0.713
0.864(0.397–1.880)
Postmenopausal (no HT)
0.750
0.926(0.579–1.482)
0.969
1.012(0.559–1.832)
Bone-affecting condition†
0.837
0.957(0.628–1.458)
0.917
1.030(0.594–1.785)
Nutritional calcium intake
0.859
1.000(0.999–1.001)
0.993
1.000(0.999–1.001)
Alcohol intake
0.808
1.000(0.997–1.003)
0.367
0.998(0.994–1.002)
Smoking
0.595
1.253(0.547–2.870)
0.619
1.266(0.500–3.201)
No sister’s fracture
0.000
0.358(0.204–0.630)
0.001
0.346(0.187–0.641)
No mother’s fracture
0.004
0.506(0.318–0.806)
0.015
0.518(0.305–0.878)
Bone mineral density
0.007
0.746(0.602–0.925)
0.012
0.707(0.539–0.927)
Moderate bone loss rate
Grip strength
0.003
0.983(0.972–0.994)
0.022
0.982(0.967–0.997)
Grip strength change
0.545
1.169(0.705–1.940)
0.667
0.881(0.494–1.572)
No previous fracture
0.091
0.630(0.369–1.076)
0.239
0.686(0.366–1.285)
Age
0.004
1.097(1.030–1.168)
0.516
1.027(0.947–1.115)
Body mass index
0.191
0.968(0.921–1.016)
0.782
0.991(0.929–1.057)
Weight change
0.721
0.993(0.953–1.034).
0.742
1.008(0.959–1.060)
Use of HT**
0.000
0.104
Premenopausal (no HT)
0.154
0.428(0.134–1.373)
0.315
0.536(0.159–1.808)
Postmenopausal (no HT)
0.001
2.017(1.354–3.005)
0.104
1.579(0.910–2.742)
Bone-affecting condition†
0.111
1.378(0.929–2.044)
0.416
1.249(0.731–2.133)
Nutritional calcium intake
0.752
1.000(0.999–1.000)
0.851
1.000(0.999–1.001)
Alcohol intake
0.843
1.000(0.997–1.002)
0.624
1.001(0.998–1.003)
Smoking
0.297
1.702(0.626–4.628)
0.583
1.341(0.470–3.825)
No sister’s fracture
0.055
0.563(0.313–1.014)
0.106
0.594(0.316–1.116)
No mother’s fracture
0.478
1.208(0.716–2.038)
0.460
1.258(0.684–2.313)
Bone mineral density
0.000
0.632(0.521–0.768)
0.008
0.692(0.527–0.908)
Low bone loss rate
Grip strength
0.032
0.986(0.974–0.999)
0.155
0.987(0.970–1.005)
Grip strength change
0.207
0.702(0.405–1.216)
0.147
0.621(0.327–1.182)
No previous fracture
0.064
0.559(0.302–1.035)
0.070
0.518(0.254–1.056)
Age
0.309
1.041(0.964–1.123)
0.904
1.006(0.917–1.102)
Body mass index
0.239
1.031(0.980–1.085)
0.778
1.011(0.935–1.095)
Weight change
0.166
1.029(0.988–1.071)
0.203
1.032(0.983–1.084)
Use of HT**
0.401
0.770
Premenopausal (no HT)
0.628
0.778(0.281–2.152)
0.984
0.988(0.308–3.173)
Postmenoapusal (no HT)
0.240
1.350(0.819–2.225)
0.504
1.267(0.634–2.531)
Bone-affecting condition†
0.816
0.948(0.604–1.489)
0.791
0.918(0.487–1.730)
Nutritional calcium intake
0.053
0.999(0.999–1.000)
0.174
0.999(0.999–1.000)
Alcohol intake
0.758
0.999(0.996–1.003)
0.544
1.001(0.997–1.005)
Smoking
0.299
1.705(0.623–4.666)
0.294
1.904(0.572–6.335)
No sister’s fracture
0.065
0.544(0.285–1.039)
0.259
0.651(0.309–1.371)
No mother’s fracture
0.269
1.434(0.756–2.719)
0.710
1.142(0.567–2.299)
Bone mineral density
0.060
0.818(0.663–1.009)
0.105
0.785(0.585–1.052)
*Bone loss tertiles: high: over 0.84% per year, moderate: 0.13% to 0.84% per year, low: under 0.13% per year. †Bone-affecting disease or medication, dichotomous variable (any disease or medication/not any disease or medication). See materials and Methods for details. **Reference group.
