Table 1
Characteristics of the study sample (n = 2126).
| | Age group (years) | | 30 | 40 + 45 | 59–60 |
| | Men | n = 246a | n = 396a | n = 229a | | Body weight (kg) | 82.7 (12.4)b | 83.5 (13.1) | 82.6 (12.3) | | Height (cm) | 180.2 (7.5) | 178.1 (11.0) | 175.7 (12.6) | | BMD (g/cm2) | 0.57 (0.04) | 0.56 (0.05) | 0.53 (0.06) | | Dietary Indexc | 0.38 (0.20) | 0.32 (0.19) | 0.25 (0.14) | | (i) Colas | 2.20 (1.05) | 1.90 (1.01) | 1.55 (0.92) | | (ii) Non-colas | 1.84 (0.74) | 1.65 (0.87) | 1.45 (0.73) | | (iii) Fruit/berries | 3.38 (1.15) | 3.51 (1.22) | 3.78 (1.14) | | (iv) Cooked vegetables | 2.81 (0.99) | 3.10 (0.94) | 3.51 (0.94) | | (v) Raw vegetables | 3.06 (0.96) | 3.19 (1.02) | 3.32 (1.09) | | (vi) Fruit juice | 2.30 (0.96) | 2.10 (0.92) | 2.08 (0.89) | | Education (years) | 15 (3) | 14 (4) | 13 (4) | | Daily smokers (%) | 26.8 | 34.7 | 27.0 | | Use of alcohol 1 to 7 | | | | | Times per week (%) | 55.9 | 57.4 | 65.2 | | PA (%)d | | | | | (i) No activity | 6.0 | 9.6 | 8.2 | | (ii) <1 h/wk | 12.0 | 14.1 | 11.4 | | (iii) 1-2 h/wk | 29.6 | 26.6 | 25.4 | | (iv) ≥3h/wk | 52.4 | 49.7 | 55.0 |
| | Women | n = 212a | n = 415a | n = 628a | | Body weight (kg) | 67.8 (13.0)b | 68.3 (11.8) | 69.9 (12.3) | | Height (cm) | 165.8 (16.3) | 165.2 (12.6) | 164.9 (8.6) | | BMD (g/cm2) | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.43 (0.06) | | Dietary Indexc | 0.28 (0.13) | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.21 (0.10) | | (i) Colas | 1.86 ( 0.86) | 1.63 (0.91) | 1.31 (0.69) | | (ii) Non-colas | 1.57 (0.66) | 1.44 (0.67) | 1.30 (0.58) | | (iii) Fruit/berries | 4.04 (1.20) | 4.03 (1.19) | 4.36 (1.14) | | (iv) Cooked vegetables | 3.03 (0.96) | 3.26 (1.00) | 3.59 (0.90) | | (v) Raw vegetables | 3.50 (0.99) | 3.62 (1.04) | 3.46 (1.00) | | (vi) Fruit juice | 2.35 (0.88) | 2.06 (0.83) | 1.97 (0.89) | | Education (years) | 16 (4) | 14 (4) | 12 (4) | | Daily smokers (%) | 22.4 | 32.0 | 23.1 | | Use of alcohol 1 to 7 | | | | | Times per week (%) | 31.8 | 57.4 | 54.9 | | PA (%)d | | | | | (i) No activity | 3.4 | 7.5 | 4.9 | | (ii) < 1 h/wk | 10.3 | 8.7 | 10.0 | | (iii) 1-2 h/wk | 20.6 | 31.1 | 34.2 | | (iv) >3 h/wk | 65.7 | 52.7 | 56.0 |
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aThe number may vary slightly due to missing data.
bMean values, SD in parentheses.
cSum of intake frequency estimates of 2 diet items (colas and non-cola soft drinks) divided by the sum of intake estimates of 4 items (fruit/berries, cooked vegetables, raw vegetables/salads, and fruit juice). There were 5 response alternatives for beverages and 6 for the food items (see Section 2); mean intake estimate of each index component was calculated as the mean of all levels, neglecting the variations in unit (rarely/never, times per month, week or day; see Section 2.
dLeisure time physical activity, % of subjects.
BMD = distal forearm bone mineral density (g/cm2).
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