The Oslo Health Study: A Dietary Index Estimating Frequent Intake of Soft Drinks and Rare Intake of Fruit and Vegetables Is Negatively Associated with Bone Mineral Density
Table 1
Characteristics of the study sample (n = 2126).
Age group (years)
30
40 + 45
59–60
Men
n = 246a
n = 396a
n = 229a
Body weight (kg)
82.7 (12.4)b
83.5 (13.1)
82.6 (12.3)
Height (cm)
180.2 (7.5)
178.1 (11.0)
175.7 (12.6)
BMD (g/cm2)
0.57 (0.04)
0.56 (0.05)
0.53 (0.06)
Dietary Indexc
0.38 (0.20)
0.32 (0.19)
0.25 (0.14)
(i) Colas
2.20 (1.05)
1.90 (1.01)
1.55 (0.92)
(ii) Non-colas
1.84 (0.74)
1.65 (0.87)
1.45 (0.73)
(iii) Fruit/berries
3.38 (1.15)
3.51 (1.22)
3.78 (1.14)
(iv) Cooked vegetables
2.81 (0.99)
3.10 (0.94)
3.51 (0.94)
(v) Raw vegetables
3.06 (0.96)
3.19 (1.02)
3.32 (1.09)
(vi) Fruit juice
2.30 (0.96)
2.10 (0.92)
2.08 (0.89)
Education (years)
15 (3)
14 (4)
13 (4)
Daily smokers (%)
26.8
34.7
27.0
Use of alcohol 1 to 7
Times per week (%)
55.9
57.4
65.2
PA (%)d
(i) No activity
6.0
9.6
8.2
(ii) <1 h/wk
12.0
14.1
11.4
(iii) 1-2 h/wk
29.6
26.6
25.4
(iv) ≥3h/wk
52.4
49.7
55.0
Women
n = 212a
n = 415a
n = 628a
Body weight (kg)
67.8 (13.0)b
68.3 (11.8)
69.9 (12.3)
Height (cm)
165.8 (16.3)
165.2 (12.6)
164.9 (8.6)
BMD (g/cm2)
0.46 (0.04)
0.46 (0.05)
0.43 (0.06)
Dietary Indexc
0.28 (0.13)
0.25 (0.13)
0.21 (0.10)
(i) Colas
1.86 ( 0.86)
1.63 (0.91)
1.31 (0.69)
(ii) Non-colas
1.57 (0.66)
1.44 (0.67)
1.30 (0.58)
(iii) Fruit/berries
4.04 (1.20)
4.03 (1.19)
4.36 (1.14)
(iv) Cooked vegetables
3.03 (0.96)
3.26 (1.00)
3.59 (0.90)
(v) Raw vegetables
3.50 (0.99)
3.62 (1.04)
3.46 (1.00)
(vi) Fruit juice
2.35 (0.88)
2.06 (0.83)
1.97 (0.89)
Education (years)
16 (4)
14 (4)
12 (4)
Daily smokers (%)
22.4
32.0
23.1
Use of alcohol 1 to 7
Times per week (%)
31.8
57.4
54.9
PA (%)d
(i) No activity
3.4
7.5
4.9
(ii) < 1 h/wk
10.3
8.7
10.0
(iii) 1-2 h/wk
20.6
31.1
34.2
(iv) >3 h/wk
65.7
52.7
56.0
aThe number may vary slightly due to missing data.
bMean values, SD in parentheses.
cSum of intake frequency estimates of 2 diet items (colas and non-cola soft drinks) divided by the sum of intake estimates of 4 items (fruit/berries, cooked vegetables, raw vegetables/salads, and fruit juice). There were 5 response alternatives for beverages and 6 for the food items (see Section 2); mean intake estimate of each index component was calculated as the mean of all levels, neglecting the variations in unit (rarely/never, times per month, week or day; see Section 2.
dLeisure time physical activity, % of subjects. BMD = distal forearm bone mineral density (g/cm2).
