A Systematic Review of Osteoporosis Health Beliefs in Adult Men and Women

Table 2

Mean scores for osteoporosis self-efficacy subscales of descriptive studies.

Osteoporosis self-efficacy subscale scores (mean and SD)
Author, year	Gender, sample size, and age	Self-efficacy calcium	Self-efficacy exercise	Total score^d
Bogoch et al., 2008^a	Men and women, 𝑛=114, mean age men 65.02 (SD 10.06) yrs and women 64.79 (SD 13. 54) yrs.	65.9 (26.9)	81.6 (16.9)	NR
Doheny et al., 2007^c	Men, 𝑛=226, age 50-plus; Women, 𝑛=218, ages 50–65 yrs.	Men: 462.9 (111.6)	Men: 453.4 (128.7)*	NR
		Women: 460.6 (127.0)	Women: 402.0 (138.0)
Doheny et al., 2010^c	Men, 𝑛=196, mean age 65.84 (SD 9.25) yrs.	77.0 (17.7)	75.6 (20.6)	NR
Elliott et al., 2006^a	Men, 𝑛=28 and women, 𝑛=66, mean age 45 (SD 12.9) yrs.	Men: 67.4 (27.4)	Men: 73.3 (24.0)	NR
		Women: 71.9 (26.7)	Women: 63.4 (25.4)
Estok et al., 2007^c	Women, 𝑛=203, mean age 56.65 (SD 3.93) yrs.	459.6 (128.5)	402.6 (138.6)	NR
Gammage et al., 2009^b	Men, 𝑛=176 and women, 𝑛=351 ages 17–21 yrs.	Men: 75.4 (19.0)	Men: 84.5 (13.9)	NR
		Women: 73.5 (18.3)	Women: 77.8 (15.1)
Sedlak et al., 2000^a	Men, 𝑛=138, 65-plus yrs (58% 65–75 yrs)	67.7 (24.6)	66.9 (25.1)	NR
Swaim et al., 2008^a	Women, 𝑛=187, mean age 75.4 (SD 6.5)	69.4 (28.8)	76.7 (23.8)	NR
Wallace et al., 2002^a,f	Women, 𝑛=273; Low CA/EX group (𝑛=99) and high CA/EX group (𝑛=38), mean age 28.34 (SD 10.23) yrs	Low CA/EX: 60.6 (22.2)	Low CA/EX: 48.5 (26.6)	NR
		High CA/EX: 79.9 (18.6)*	High CA/EX: 83.8 (14.6)*
Ziccardi et al., 2004^c	Men (𝑛=11) and women (𝑛=183) college sophomores (𝑛=86) and seniors (𝑛=108), mean age 22.8 yrs for sophomores, 24.8 yrs for seniors	Sophomores: 406.9	Sophomores: 367.3	Sophomores: 774.2
		Seniors: 438.5	Seniors: 412.1*	Seniors: 850.5*

^a12-item subscale used; score ranges from 0 to 100.
^b21-item subscale used; score ranges from 0 to 100.
^c12-item subscale used; score ranges from 0 to 600.
^dRange of total score for 12-item and 21-item questionnaire is 0 to 1200 and 0 to 2100, respectively.
^eExperimental study, but reported only descriptive results of entire study population for OSES.
^fLow CA/EX: low calcium intake (<1200 mg/day) and exercise (<90 min/wk), high CA/EX: high calcium intake (≥1200 mg/day) and exercise (≥90 min/wk).
Note: SD: standard deviation, DXA: dual X-ray absorptiometry, NA: not assessed in the study, NR: not reported.
*Significant difference (𝑃<0.05) between groups.