Whole-Body Electromyostimulation to Fight Osteopenia in Elderly Females: The Randomized Controlled Training and Electrostimulation Trial (TEST-III)

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the WB-EMS and control group. WB-EMS: whole-body electromyostimulation. ¹As assessed by detailed questionnaires (14, 15). ²As assessed by 4-day protocol and analyzed using Prodi-4.5/03 Expert software (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Freiburg, Germany). ³As assessed by Jamar dynamometer (dominant hand) according to Mathiowetz et al. [14]. ⁴Test according to Fritz und Lusardi [15]. ⁵Prevalence of two and more diseases.

Variable	WB-EMS ()	CG ()
Age [years]^1	74.7 ± 3.7	74.7 ± 4.4
Body weight [kg]	57.9 ± 6.8	58.8 ± 5.7
Body length [cm]	161.6 ± 5.6	162.9 ± 5.1
Year postmenopausal [years]	24.3 ± 4.2	25.2 ± 4.7
Total body fat DXA [%]	31.6 ± 4.6	32.1 ± 3.7
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass [kg]	15.8 ± 2.1	15.9 ± 1.7
Energy uptake [MJ/d]^2	6.63 ± 1.81	6.74 ± 1.67
Calcium uptake [mg/d]^2	986 ± 276	966 ± 266
Vitamin D uptake [IU/d]^2	244 ± 167	262 ± 211
Exercise volume [min/week]^1	34.1 ± 21.6	31.3 ± 19.3
Grip strength^3 [kg]	23.7 ± 4.0	23.5 ± 4.1
Walking speed^4 [km/h]	5.1 ± 1.4	5.3 ± 1.6
Multimorbidity^5 []	22 (58%)	25 (66%)