The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Bone Mass: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Figure 1

Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of decreased bone mass in tobacco smokers. PTH: parathyroid hormone; 25-OH-D: 25-hydroxy vitamin D; 1, 25-OH2-D: 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D; RANKL: Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Ligand; OPG: Osteoprotegerin.