Osteoporosis Screening Disparities among Ethnic and Racial Minorities: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
The population includes men and women 40 years of age and older who meet clinical indications for BMD screening, were referred for BMD screening by a health care provider, and/or experienced a fragility fracture	Papers that were not published between January 2000 and July 2021
The studies are focused on racial and/or ethnic minority status	Papers not written in English
Controls included racial and ethnic nonminorities	Papers that do not study an at-risk population for osteoporosis; studies that focus on adults younger than 50 years old and adolescents
Studies used a referral for BMD screening by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); receiving BMD screening (initial or follow-up) by DXA as a measure of outcome	Case reports and reviews will be excluded
Includes observational studies: specifically cross-sectional, cohort, and case control studies and randomized control studies	Studies assessing imaging modalities other than DXA
Studies conducted in a clinical setting, using a medical database or population-based administrative health data. All countries and continents are eligible	Studies that only assess racial or ethnic differences in BMD (T-score) or fracture rates