Research Article
Associations between Childhood Abuse, Resilience, Mindfulness, and Waterpipe Smoking: Implications for Cessation Interventions
Table 1
Characteristics of college students (
).
| Variable | Frequency | % |
| Gender | Female | 409 | 52.7 | Male | 367 | 47.3 | Marital status | Single | 655 | 84.4 | Married | 115 | 14.8 | Other | 6 | 0.8 | Degree level | Undergraduate | 433 | 55.8 | Graduate | 343 | 44.2 | Living place | Dormitory | 556 | 71.6 | With his/her family | 189 | 24.4 | Renting house outside | 31 | 4.0 | Study year | 1st year | 315 | 40.6 | 2nd year | 169 | 21.8 | 3rd year | 126 | 16.2 | 4th year or higher | 166 | 21.4 | Waterpipe smoking | Ever smoking | 385 | 49.6 | Current smoking | 259 | 33.4 | Adverse childhood experiences | One type | 235 | 30.3 | Two types | 194 | 25.0 | All of the three types | 173 | 22.3 | Resilience score | Mean (SD) | 65.3 (19.7) | Mindfulness score | Mean (SD) | 33.3 (6.0) |
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