Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Growth Restriction

Table 1

Causes of fetal growth restriction.

Fetal
Aneuploidy (trisomy 13, 18 and 21, triploidy, uniparental disomy)
Fetal malformations (gastroschisis, omphalocele)
Multiple gestation
Infection (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes)
Maternal
Hypertension
Diabetes
Renal disease
Vascular disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Hypoxia (pulmonary disease, cardiac disease)
Systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome
Thrombophilia (Factor V Leiden heterozygote, Prothrombin gene G20210A heterozygote, MTHFR heterozygote)
Maternal uterine malformations (myomas, bicornuate, or septate uterus)
Residing at altitude
Placental
Placenta praevia
Placental tumors
Mosaicism
Environment
Low socioeconomic status
Malnutrition
Smoking
Alcohol
Drugs (cocaine, heroin, methadone, cocaine, therapeutic agents)