Predictors of Gestational Weight Gain among White and Latina Women and Associations with Birth Weight

Table 2

Univariate associations of demographic, behavioral, and psychological factors and gestational weight gain status based on 2009 IOM recommendations ().

Category	GWG below guidelines		GWG within guidelines		GWG above guidelines		value
		%		%		%
Age category
Age 15–19	26	20.47	26	20.47	75	59.06	0.179
Age 20–24	26	16.77	43	27.74	86	55.48
Age 25–29	20	15.04	34	25.56	79	59.40
Age 30–34	14	14.00	35	35.00	51	51.00
Age ≥ 35	4	7.14	14	25.00	38	67.86
Ethnicity
Latina	57	19.00	86	28.67	157	52.33	0.016
White	33	12.18	66	24.35	172	63.47
Marital status
Divorced	1	12.50	2	25.00	5	62.50	0.931
Married	29	14.57	57	28.64	113	56.78
Single	60	16.62	93	25.76	208	57.62
Employment at onset of pregnancy
Employed	33	12.41	82	30.83	151	56.77	0.044
Not employed	55	18.21	70	23.18	177	58.61
Insurance type
Commercial/private	21	10.45	64	31.84	116	57.71	0.064
No insurance/unknown	1	14.29	2	28.57	4	57.14
Public	68	18.73	86	23.69	209	57.58
Obstetric provider
Private	42	15.44	76	27.94	154	56.62	0.793
Hospital clinic	48	16.05	76	25.42	175	58.53
Parity
0	35	15.02	57	24.46	141	60.52	0.913
1	26	16.25	42	26.25	92	57.50
2	13	14.61	28	31.46	48	53.93
3 or more	11	17.46	17	26.98	35	55.56
Prepregnancy BMI
BMI ≤ 18.4	11	33.33	12	36.36	10	30.30	<0.001
BMI 18.5–24.9	36	13.85	89	34.23	135	51.92
BMI 25.0–29.9	14	10.14	27	19.57	97	70.29
BMI ≥ 30.0	29	20.71	24	17.14	87	62.14
Tobacco use
No	65	16.58	112	28.57	215	54.85	0.236
Yes, past	8	11.94	18	26.87	41	61.19
Yes, this pregnancy	17	15.45	21	19.09	72	65.45
Alcohol use
No	68	15.14	123	27.39	258	57.46	0.302
Yes, past	21	18.75	23	20.54	68	60.71
Yes, this pregnancy	1	12.50	4	50.00	3	37.50
GWG during the 1st trimester
Above	8	3.13	43	16.80	205	80.08	0.001
Below	61	39.10	53	33.97	42	26.92
Within	15	10.14	55	37.16	78	52.70
Psychiatric diagnosis
None	71	15.96	123	27.64	251	56.40	0.955
Depression	13	15.12	21	24.42	52	60.47
Anxiety	3	20.00	3	20.00	9	60.00
Other	3	13.04	5	21.74	15	65.22
Psychiatric medications
No	86	15.96	143	26.53	310	57.51	0.871
Yes	4	12.50	9	28.13	19	59.38
Psychiatric history or medications
No	70	16.55	117	27.66	236	55.79	0.325
Yes	20	13.51	35	23.65	93	62.84

value is from a Chi-square test.