Do Successive Preterm Births Increase the Risk of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms?
Table 1
Sample-weighted characteristics of study participants by preterm birth, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2009–2011.
Maternal characteristics
Total study population
P−P−
P+P−
P−P+
P+P+
All participants
100
81.7
10.5
5.0
2.8
—
Maternal age (years)
<0.0001
≤24
21.3
20.8
24.0
21.6
24.6
25–34
60.6
61.1
59.3
56.0
58.0
≥35
18.1
18.1
16.7
22.4
17.4
Maternal education
<0.0001
High school or less
45.9
44.6
52.1
49.9
55.0
College or higher
54.1
55.4
47.9
50.1
45.0
Race/ethnicity
<0.0001
Non-Hispanic White
56.9
58.6
49.8
48.4
47.5
Non-Hispanic Black
13.5
12.5
15.5
19.6
23.3
Hispanic
22.4
21.7
27.8
23.9
21.6
Non-Hispanic
7.3
7.2
7.0
8.2
7.53
Marital status
<0.0001
Married
66.0
67.8
59.3
59.1
51.8
Not married
34.0
32.3
40.8
40.9
48.2
Household income
<0.0001
<20,000
36.4
34.4
44.7
43.7
51.4
20,000–49,999
29.0
29.5
27.4
25.5
26.4
≥50,000
34.6
36.1
27.9
30.9
22.2
Insurance
<0.0001
Private
46.7
48.2
39.9
44.0
33.4
Medicaid
39.0
37.6
45.0
41.2
52.2
Multiple
6.7
6.7
6.9
7.4
7.4
Other
3.9
3.8
5.0
3.7
3.9
No coverage
3.7
3.8
3.2
3.8
3.0
Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)
0.0002
Underweight
3.6
3.3
4.1
5.2
6.3
Normal weight
46.9
47.6
44.1
45.0
41.3
Overweight
25.4
25.2
26.9
25.1
25.4
Obese
24.1
23.9
24.8
24.8
27.0
Medical morbidity in
20.6
18.1
29.1
32.6
41.6
Intimate partner violence
4.9
4.5
7.1
5.6
7.5
<0.0001
Pregnancy intention
<0.0001
Intended
57.7
58.5
54.6
54.8
50.0
Unintended
42.3
41.5
45.4
45.2
50.0
Stressful life
<0.0001
None
30.7
31.7
24.6
30.7
23.3
1-2
41.1
41.4
40.8
37.5
41.7
3–5
22.4
21.7
25.9
24.5
27.0
≥6
5.8
5.3
8.6
7.4
8.1
Previous live birth
0.0039
1
54.1
54.5
53.3
51.1
48.4
≥2
45.9
45.5
46.7
48.9
51.6
Problems with breastfeeding
<0.0001
Never breastfed
20.0
19.4
22.1
22.3
25.9
Yes
34.1
33.1
37.5
39.7
39.8
No
45.9
47.5
40.5
38.0
34.3
Postpartum depressive symptoms
11.4
10.7
14.1
15.4
17.0
<0.0001
Cigarette
25.4
24.4
29.9
27.9
31.0
<0.0001
Alcohol
60.8
61.5
57.9
59.3
54.1
0.0006
P+P−, preterm birth in penultimate delivery but no preterm birth in index delivery; P−P+, no preterm birth in penultimate delivery but preterm birth in index delivery; P+P+, preterm birth in both penultimate and index deliveries; P−P−, no preterm birth in both penultimate and index deliveries. frequency. for preterm birth. Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hawaiian, other non-White, Alaska native, other Asian. diabetes, prepregnancy diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. months before the birth of child. two years.
