Do Successive Preterm Births Increase the Risk of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms?

Table 2

Factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2009–2011.

Maternal characteristics	Prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms	Unadjusted RR (95% CI)
Maternal age (years)
≤24	15.9	1.93
25–34	10.9	1.32
≥35	8.3	Reference
Maternal education
High school or less	13.5	1.36
College or higher	9.9	Reference
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	11.5	Reference
Non-Hispanic Black	13.5	1.17
Hispanic	10.8	0.95 (0.83–1.07)
Non-Hispanic	9.7	0.85
Marital status
Married	9.4	Reference
Not married	15.5	1.64
Household income
<20,000	16.4	2.30
20,000–49,999	11.6	1.63
≥50,000	7.1	Reference
Insurance
Private	8.6	Reference
Medicaid	15.1	1.77
Multiple	13.2	1.55
Other	9.0	1.05 (0.77–1.43)
No coverage	8.0	0.94 (0.68–1.29)
Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m^2)
Underweight	11.0	1.06 (0.85–1.33)
Normal weight	10.3	Reference
Overweight	11.5	1.12
Obese	14.4	1.39
Medical morbidity in
No	10.8	Reference
Yes	14.3	1.32
Intimate partner violence
No	10.4	Reference
Yes	31.9	3.06
Pregnancy intention
Intended	8.7	Reference
Unintended	15.4	1.77
Stressful life
None	5.0	Reference
1-2	9.4	1.89
3–5	18.2	3.67
≥6	34.5	6.95
Previous live birth
1	11.1	0.93 (0.86–1.01)
≥2	12.0	Reference
Problems with breastfeeding
Never breastfed	14.9	1.94
Yes	13.6	1.77
No	7.7	Reference
Cigarette
No	9.1	Reference
Yes	18.3	2.01
Alcohol
No	9.6	Reference
Yes	12.7	1.33

percent. Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hawaiian, other non-White, Alaska native, other Asian. diabetes, prepregnancy diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. months before the birth of child. two years. .