Journal of Pregnancy

Review Article

Maternal Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Healthy Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

Table 1

Inflammatory cytokines measured in maternal serum in healthy pregnancy.


	N.	Concentration units			Trimester 1		Trimester 2		Trimester 3	Ref.
	N.	Concentration units		GA	Concentration	GA	Concentration	GA	Concentration	Ref.

IFN-γ	82	mean (SD)	pg/mL	UR	91.05 (8.50)	UR	124.50 (9.50)	UR	131.05 (11.30)	[35]
IFN-γ	168	mean (SE)	pg/mL	7	8.20 (1.30)	20	8.80 (1.20)			[94]
IFN-γ	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	87.90 (15.40-567.60)					[142]
IFN-γ	77	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	9.10 (3.90, 19.00)					[96]
IFN-γ	250	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (6.00)					[143]
IFN-γ	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)					[58]
IFN-γ	504	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	434.00 (371.00, 501.00)					[42]
IFN-γ	104	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	54.60 (43.30, 66.40)					[43]
IFN-γ	96	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	53.40 (45.30, 66.40)					[43]
IFN-γ	93	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	52.20 (45.50, 61.00)			[43]
IFN-γ	101	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	52.60 (41.30, 60.70)			[43]
IFN-γ	392	median (IQR)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00)			[143]
IFN-γ	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-2117.00)			[58]
IFN-γ	162	mean (SE)	pg/mL			14-18	1.67 (0.08)			[99]
IFN-γ	105	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	12.48 (4.13)			[144]
IFN-γ	<139	median	pg/mL			15-19	259.00			[145]
IFN-γ	204	mean (SD)	log-pg/mL			14-18	0.73 (2.34)			[99]
IFN-γ	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	57.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IFN-γ	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	4.85 (0.05-324.21)			[75]
IFN-γ	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-16	3.03 (1.40-7.59)			[146]
IFN-γ	200	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			25-36	28.48 (0.97)			[101]
IFN-γ	87	mean (SD)	pg/mL			23	0.79 (0.33)	33	0.70 (0.33)	[38]
IFN-γ	44	median (IQR)	pg/mL			15	128.90 (79.00-220.80)	32	184.90 (101.30-241.70)	[39]
IFN-γ	44	median (IQR)	pg/mL			24	168.20 (129.40-239.60)			[39]
IFN-γ	56	median(25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	3.40 (0.00, 29.00)			29-31	2.00 (0.10, 55.50)	[36]
IFN-γ	28	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	3.40 (1.70, 6.10)			29-31	1.50 (1.00,3.30)	[37]
IFN-γ	57	mean (SD)	pg/mL			24	5.24 (21.40)			[147]
IFN-γ	55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	3.13 (5.77)	[147]
IFN-γ	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	6.30 (9.70)	[148]
IFN-γ	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	3.00 (2.00, 3.00)	[24]
IFN-γ	50	median	pg/mL					38	217.10	[105]
IFN-γ	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	221.00 (15.40)	[106]
IFN-γ	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	3.00 (2.00-3.00)	[79]
IFN-γ	1158	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	5.63 (20.26)	[149]
IFN-γ	718	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	5.43 (20.30)	[150]
IFN-γ	292	median (IQR)	pg/mL					39	27.89 (16.04-48.29)	[151]

TNF-α	≤22	median (range)	pg/mL	≤14	2.11 (1.45-4.10)	15-27	2.09 (0.69-34.70)	≥28	2.28 (1.28-5.40)	[57]
TNF-α	46	median (IQR)	pg/mL	15	60.10 (46.70-97.90)	24	91.30 (66.30-134.70)	32	90.50 (45.40-122.30)	[51]
TNF-α	104	median	pg/mL	12	11.20	19	16.10	29	15.30	[152]
TNF-α	77	median (IQR)	pg/mL	12	2.10 (1.90-2.40)	20	2.30 (2.00-2.60)	29	2.30 (2.00-2.50)	[55]
TNF-α	82	mean (SD)	pg/mL	UR	108.00 (11.38)	UR	153.01 (11.82)	UR	172.89 (19.48)	[35]
TNF-α	20	mean (SD)	pg/mL	UR	11.37 (9.01)	UR	21.44 (35.29)	UR	24.48 (42.33)	[53]
TNF-α	168	mean (SE)	pg/mL	7	459.20 (85.00)	20	415.40 (49.10)			[94]
TNF-α	94	mean (SD)	pg/mL	12	5.15 (3.26)					[147]
TNF-α	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	10.90 (7.70, 13.90)					[96]
TNF-α	800	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11-13	1.371 (1.288-1.46)					[153]
TNF-α	504	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	65.50 (57.10, 76.40)					[42]
TNF-α	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	0.00 (0.00-97.31)					[142]
TNF-α	27	median (IQR)	pg/mL	7-10	0.95 (0.88-1.14)	16-20	1.08 (0.95-1.33)			[54]
TNF-α	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (4.00-754.00)					[58]
TNF-α	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	24.10 (20.40, 29.90)					[43]
TNF-α	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	23.50 (20.40, 28.70)					[43]
TNF-α	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	24.20 (20.30, 29.20)			[43]
TNF-α	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	22.80 (20.60, 29.30)			[43]
TNF-α	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-16	6.20 (3.74-12.15)			[145]
TNF-α	100	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16	1.30 (1.00)			[154]
TNF-α	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
TNF-α	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-930.00)			[58]
TNF-α	<139	median	pg/mL			15-19	62.20			[145]
TNF-α	204	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			14-18	2.18 (1.52)			[99]
TNF-α	162	mean (SE)	pg/mL			14-18	601.37 (63.54)			[97]
TNF-α	621	median (IQR)	pg/mL			14	4.60 (2.91-7.57)	28	4.65 (3.09-7.71)	[68]
TNF-α	156	mean (SD)	pg/mL			14-18	1.30 (1.05)	28-32	1.34 (0.84)	[155]
TNF-α	171	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	0.93 (1.50)	32	1.20 (1.60)	[156]
TNF-α	171	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	1.16 (2.33)	32	1.24 (1.91)	[69]
TNF-α	171	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	0.99 (1.38)	32	1.21 (1.30)	[69]
TNF-α	145	Mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	0.44 (0.41)	32	0.55 (0.45)	[59]
TNF-α	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	4.68 (0.22-347.24)			[78]
TNF-α	57	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22-23	3.44 (0.23)			[157]
TNF-α	138	mean (SD)	pg/mL			23	10.00 (3.20)			[158]
TNF-α	227	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			24-28	10.90 (0.30)			[159]
TNF-α	65	median (IQR)	pg/mL			24-28	42.37 (70.12)			[160]
TNF-α	178	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	6.69 (7.61)			[161]
TNF-α	167	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	7.20 (7.20)			[162]
TNF-α	85	median (IQR)	pg/mL			21	1.15 (0.79-1.79)			[163]
TNF-α	60	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22	7.21 (1.19)			[164]
TNF-α	93	median (IQR)	pg/mL			23	0.09 (0.09,0.55)			[165]
TNF-α	137	mean (SD)	pg/mL			24	4.89 (2.44)			[147]
TNF-α	98	median (IQR)	pg/mL			24-28	0.20 (0.130-0.310)			[166]
TNF-α	84	mean (SD)	pg/mL			26	2.10 (0.30)			[167]
TNF-α	100	mean (SD)	pg/mL			27	2.05 (0.28)			[168]
TNF-α	200	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			25-36	97.60 (10.15)			[101]
TNF-α	20	median (range)	pg/mL			23-25	1.10 (0.10-1.50)	32-36	1.20 (0.10-2.10)	[66]
TNF-α	202	mean (SD)	pg/mL			13	8.22 (3.59)	30	9.22 (4.39)	[52]
TNF-α	202	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	8.51 (3.75)			[52]
TNF-α	87	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			23	0.35 (0.12)	33	0.35 (0.12)	[38]
TNF-α	71	mean (SD)	pg/mL			28	7.30 (1.80)	37	7.80 (1.90)	[56]
TNF-α	32	median (IQR)	pg/mL	8-12	9.87 (8.59-12.00)			28-32	10.00 (8.56-13.15)	[61]
TNF-α	56	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	11.50 (1.40, 104.60)			29-31	10.20 (0.70, 72.90)	[36]
TNF-α	28	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	11.00 (5.80, 26.90)			29-31	7.60 (4.50, 15.00)	[37]
TNF-α	439	median (IQR)	pg/mL					30	5.67 (3.16)	[169]
TNF-α	231	median (IQR)	pg/mL					32	0.29 (0.09,0.78)	[165]
TNF-α	1,494	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					32	3.50 (2.30, 5.00)	[170]
TNF-α	774	median (IQR)	pg/mL					33	3.40 (2.50)	[171]
TNF-α	564	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					30	5.50 (3.90, 10.50)	[172]
TNF-α	62	median (range)	pg/mL					34	3.97 (3.06-16.30)	[115]
TNF-α	<55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	16.04 (0.69)	[138]
TNF-α	<139	mean (SD)	pg/mL					>37	15.30 (0.61)	[138]
TNF-α	195	geometric mean (95% CI)	pg/mL					39	1.96 (1.71-2.24)	[173]
TNF-α	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	4.50 (7.50)	[148]
TNF-α	50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					31	2.27 (0.85)	[174]
TNF-α	50	median	pg/mL					38	198.80	[105]
TNF-α	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	186.00 (15.60)	[106]
TNF-α	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL					28-41	2.67 (1.51-5.51)	[111]
TNF-α	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	2.00 (1.00-2.00)	[79]
TNF-α	60	mean (SD)	pg/mL					30	10.10 (3.20)	[175]
TNF-α	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	2.00 (1.00, 2.00)	[24]
TNF-α	133	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	5.56 (4.35)	[147]
TNF-α	1158	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	7.26 (7.55)	[149]
TNF-α	718	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	5.98 (8.54)	[150]
TNF-α	63	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	0.81 (0.48)	[176]
TNF-α	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					30-40	46.00 (2.40)	[114]
TNF-α	52	mean (SD)	pg/mL					UR	4.12 (2.32)	[177]

IL-1β	46	median (IQR)	pg/mL	15	49.20 (0.10-85.00)	24	69.50 (0.10-104.40)	32	62.00 (0.10-109.00)	[51]
IL-1β	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	0.85 (0.00-55.44)					[142]
IL-1β	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	1.70 (1.00, 3.10)					[96]
IL-1β	504	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	2.59 (2.24, 3.04)					[42]
IL-1β	250	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11	9.00 (12.00)					[143]
IL-1β	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	9.00 (4.00-1489.00)					[58]
IL-1β	83	mean (SD)	pg/mL	12	1.13 (4.21)					[147]
IL-1β	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	1.60 (1.20, 2.00)					[43]
IL-1β	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	1.60 (1.10, 1.90)					[43]
IL-1β	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	1.50 (1.20, 1.90)			[43]
IL-1β	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	1.50 (1.20, 1.90)			[43]
IL-1β	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-16	1.55 (1.00-6.61)			[146]
IL-1β	100	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16	1.90 (1.00)			[154]
IL-1β	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	272.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-1β	392	median (IQR)	pg/mL			17	10.00 (13.00)			[143]
IL-1β	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	10.00 (4.00-373.00)			[58]
IL-1β	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	12.45 (0.03-13258.28)			[78]
IL-1β	178	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	0.57 (0.31)			[161]
IL-1β	167	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	0.80 (0.50)			[162]
IL-1β	60	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22	0.92 (0.51)			[164]
IL-1β	57	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22-23	9.25 (0.71)			[157]
IL-1β	138	mean (SD)	pg/mL			23	0.70 (0.60)			[158]
IL-1β	108	mean (SD)	pg/mL			24	0.92 (1.75)			[147]
IL-1β	71	mean (SD)	pg/mL			28	0.80 (0.60)	37	0.90 (0.70)	[56]
IL-1β	56	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	1.00 (0.00, 10.30)			29-31	0.60 (0.00, 70.80)	[36]
IL-1β	28	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	0.80 (0.50, 1.40)			29-31	0.50 (0.30, 0.90)	[37]
IL-1β	1158	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	0.32 (0.62)	[149]
IL-1β	718	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	0.26 (0.58)	[150]
IL-1β	439	median (IQR)	pg/mL					30	0.48 (0.42)	[169]
IL-1β	564	median (10^th, 90^th percentile)	pg/mL					30	0.50 (0.20, 1.30)	[172]
IL-1β	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	0.40 (0.80)	[148]
IL-1β	1,494	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					32	1.20 (0.20, 6.80)	[170]
IL-1β	774	median (IQR)	pg/mL					33	1.10 (5.00)	[171]
IL-1β	63	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	0.51 (0.24)	[176]
IL-1β	≤117	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	0.60 (0.02-3.54)	[25]
IL-1β	195	geometric mean (95% CI)	pg/mL					39	2.12 (1.91-2.35)	[173]
IL-1β	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	27.00 (23.00-31.50)	[79]
IL-1β	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	27.00 (23.00, 31.50)	[24]
IL-1β	94	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	0.80 (1.94)	[147]
IL-1β	52	mean (SD)	pg/mL					UR	3.50 (5.46)	[177]

IL-2	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	2.58 (0.00-301.90)					[142]
IL-2	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (3.10, 3.20)					[96]
IL-2	504	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	18.30 (16.10, 21.20)					[42]
IL-2	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	1.70 (0.60, 3.40)					[43]
IL-2	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	1.60 (0.70, 2.90)					[43]
IL-2	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	1.10 (0.40, 3.00)			[43]
IL-2	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	0.80 (0.20, 2.00)			[43]
IL-2	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	0.38 (0.01-29.37)			[78]
IL-2	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-16	6.01 (1.34-27.31)			[146]
IL-2	200	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			25-36	71.90 (0.76)			[101]
IL-2	56	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	3.50 (0.00, 39.80)			29-31	3.00 (0.00, 206.00)	[36]
IL-2	28	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	4.00 (1.60, 7.30)			29-31	3.40 (0.50, 6.40)	[37]
IL-2	1158	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	0.29 (0.60)	[149]
IL-2	718	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	0.24 (0.60)	[150]
IL-2	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	1.20 (6.30)	[148]
IL-2	50	median	pg/mL					38	274.40	[105]
IL-2	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	4.00 (4.00-5.00)	[79]
IL-2	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	4.00 (4.00, 5.00)	[24]
IL-2	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	274.00 (1.24)	[106]
IL-2	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					30-40	79.00 (1.04)	[114]

IL-6	46	median (IQR)	pg/mL	15	0.10 (0.10-2.70)	24	0.10 (0.10-6.60)	32	0.10 (0.10-7.80)	[51]
IL-6	104	median	pg/mL	12	0.60	19	3.00	29	1.90	[152]
IL-6	77	median (IQR)	pg/mL	12	0.71 (0.49-1.13)	20	0.75 (0.47-1.20)	29	0.77 (0.53-1.19)	[55]
IL-6	75	mean (SD)	pg/mL	9-17	0.77 (0.38)	18-24	0.93 (0.58)	29-35	1.11 (0.61)	[64]
IL-6	82	mean (SD)	pg/mL	UR	53.08 (8.90)	UR	58.00 (19.08)	UR	78.33 (17.08)	[35]
IL-6	103	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11-14	1.00 (1.00)	24-28	2.00 (2.00)	30-34	2.00 (3.00)	[65]
IL-6	158	mean (SD)	pg/mL	5-12	1.78 (5.06)					[178]
IL-6	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	6.59 (1.23-53.56)					[142]
IL-6	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (2.30, 5.20)					[96]
IL-6	250	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11	73.50 (197.00)					[143]
IL-6	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	63.00 (4.00-4000.00)					[58]
IL-6	94	median (SD)	pg/mL	11-14	1.50 (1.01)					[179]
IL-6	504	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	9.28 (7.98, 10.88)					[42]
IL-6	80	mean (SD)	pg/mL	12	17.00 (72.50)					[147]
IL-6	27	median (IQR)	pg/mL	7-10	1.17 (0.75-1.69)	16-20	1.55 (0.96-3.01)			[54]
IL-6	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	1.40 (0.80, 2.10)					[43]
IL-6	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	1.30 (0.80, 1.80)					[43]
IL-6	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	1.10 (0.60, 1.70)			[43]
IL-6	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	1.10 (0.70, 1.80)			[43]
IL-6	392	median (IQR)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (209.00)			[143]
IL-6	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	71.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[58]
IL-6	22	mean (SD)	pg/mL	8-12	1.40 (1.30)			28-34	2.20 (3.20)	[67]
IL-6	32	median (IQR)	pg/mL	8-12	0.00 (0.00-2.09)			28-32	0.00 (0.00-2.23)	[61]
IL-6	56	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	5.50 (1.80, 10.40)			29-31	4.80 (2.20, 9.20)	[36]
IL-6	28	Median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	6.00 (2.20, 11.80)			29-31	4.80 (2.90, 9.50)	[37]
IL-6	621	median (IQR)	pg/mL			14	9.48 (4.38-26.26)	28	9.37 (4.21-22.34)	[68]
IL-6	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-15	1.92 (1.57-2.56)			[180]
IL-6	100	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16	4.30 (3.20)			[154]
IL-6	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-6	<139	median	pg/mL			15-19	13.20			[145]
IL-6	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	13.16 (0.09-8045.24)			[78]
IL-6	91	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	4.00 (2.10)			[181]
IL-6	178	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	3.76 (2.08)			[161]
IL-6	167	mean (SD)	pg/mL			21	3.90 (2.10)			[162]
IL-6	60	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22	3.91 (1.66)			[164]
IL-6	57	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22-23	2.57 (0.20)			[157]
IL-6	138	mean (SD)	pg/mL			23	1.90 (1.40)			[158]
IL-6	130	mean (SD)	pg/mL			24	13.00 (32.80)			[147]
IL-6	227	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			24-28	2.60 (0.20)			[159]
IL-6	65	mean (SD)	pg/mL			UR	1.70 (0.84)			[182]
IL-6	98	median (IQR)	pg/mL			24-28	0.16 (0.100-0.33)			[166]
IL-6	21	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16-27	1.64 (0.02-14.42)	28-40	0.01 (0.00-0.02)	[120]
IL-6	171	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	2.17 (1.70)	32	2.60 (1.80)	[156]
IL-6	71	mean (SD)	pg/mL			28	1.80 (1.40)	37	2.00 (1.00)	[56]
IL-6	20	median (range)	pg/mL			23-25	2.00 (1.10-3.40)	32-36	2.70 (1.50-9.80)	[66]
IL-6	171	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	2.49 (1.85)	32	2.69 (2.02)	[69]
IL-6	171	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	1.81 (1.33)	32	2.37 (1.46)	[69]
IL-6	145	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	0.99 (0.38)	32	1.16 (0.37)	[59]
IL-6	45	median (IQR)	pg/mL			24-27	0.89 (0.75-1.07)	29-32	1.02 (0.83-1.22)	[70]
IL-6	87	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			23	0.20 (0.14)	33	0.22 (0.14)	[38]
IL-6	156	mean (SD)	pg/mL			14-18	8.145 (1.55)	28-32	8.28 (1.57)	[155]
IL-6	1158	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	0.96 (1.44)	[149]
IL-6	718	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28	0.83 (1.40)	[150]
IL-6	<55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	17.07 (0.44)	[138]
IL-6	<139	mean (SD)	pg/mL					>37	16.12 (0.33)	[138]
IL-6	439	median (IQR)	pg/mL					30	1.11 (0.67)	[169]
IL-6	1,494	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					32	1.30 (0.50, 3.80)	[170]
IL-6	774	median (IQR)	pg/mL					33	1.10 (2.90)	[171]
IL-6	63	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	1.33 (1.76)	[176]
IL-6	564	median (10^th, 90^th percentile)	pg/mL					30	1.10 (0.70, 2.30)	[172]
IL-6	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	3.10 (13.10)	[148]
IL-6	50	mean (SD)	log pg/mL					31	0.33 (0.46)	[174]
IL-6	82	median (IQR)	pg/mL					24-31	0.80 (0.50-1.10)	[183]
IL-6	50	median	pg/mL					38	149.80	[105]
IL-6	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL					28-41	1.82 (1.52-2.04)	[111]
IL-6	62	median (range)	pg/mL					34	13.90 (2.20-35.40)	[115]
IL-6	97	mean (SD)	pg/mL					35	1.68 (1.04)	[184]
IL-6	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	7.00 (5.00-9.00)	[79]
IL-6	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	7.00 (5.00, 9.00)	[24]
IL-6	74	median (range)	pg/mL					36	10.90 (0.61-65.70)	[125]
IL-6	68	median (range)	pg/mL					36	11.11 (0.02-65.77)	[121]
IL-6	104	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	18.90 (65.80)	[147]
IL-6	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	154.00 (28.10)	[106]
IL-6	50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					37	9.00 (6.49)	[185]
IL-6	289	median (IQR)	pg/mL					39	4.06 (2.08-10.48)	[151]
IL-6	52	mean (SD)	pg/mL					UR	6.37 (17.43)	[177]
IL-6	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					30-40	2.80 (0.24)	[114]

IL-8	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	4.40 (0.00-62.60)					[142]
IL-8	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	87.80 (40.34, 195.00)					[96]
IL-8	504	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	18.00 (15.60, 21.50)					[42]
IL-8	250	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11	19.00 (101.00)					[143]
IL-8	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	21.50 (4.00-4000.00)					[58]
IL-8	87	mean (SD)	pg/mL	12	248.20 (372.20)					[147]
IL-8	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	5.50 (4.50, 7.00)					[43]
IL-8	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	5.40 (4.30, 6.60)					[43]
IL-8	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	5.30 (4.10, 6.30)			[43]
IL-8	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	5.20 (4.10, 6.10)			[43]
IL-8	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-16	561.90 (65.31-3071.00)			[146]
IL-8	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-8	100	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16	11.00 (9.40)			[154]
IL-8	392	median (IQR)	pg/mL			17	18.00 (113.00)			[143]
IL-8	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	15.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[58]
IL-8	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	1223.89 (7.69-20182.15)			[78]
IL-8	60	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22	0.74 (0.12)			[164]
IL-8	138	mean (SD)	pg/mL			23	5.00 (2.60)			[158]
IL-8	127	mean (SD)	pg/mL			24	271.00 (473.10)			[147]
IL-8	71	mean (SD)	pg/mL			28	5.00 (1.80)	37	6.10 (2.90)	[56]
IL-8	87	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			23	0.72 (0.14)	33	0.77 (0.13)	[38]
IL-8	56	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	5.20 (0.90, 112.60)			29-31	4.40 (0.90, 145.90)	[36]
IL-8	28	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	5.30 (3.40, 7.70)			29-31	4.50 (2.20, 6.50)	[37]
IL-8	564	median (10^th, 90^th percentile)	pg/mL					30	3.40 (1.80, 8.70)	[172]
IL-8	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	6.00 (7.00)	[148]
IL-8	1,494	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					32	10.40 (3.20, 64.70)	[170]
IL-8	≤117	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	3.50 (0.33-60.24)	[25]
IL-8	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	24.50 (16.00-68.50)	[79]
IL-8	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	24.50 (16.00, 68.50)	[24]
IL-8	105	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	232.10 (328.60)	[147]
IL-8	52	mean (SD)	pg/mL					UR	69.34 (111.53)	[177]

IL-12	250	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (11.00)					[143]
IL-12	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (4.00-1218.00)					[58]
IL-12	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-12	392	median (IQR)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (10.00)			[143]
IL-12	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-276.00)			[58]
IL-12	105	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	124.56 (95.98)			[144]
IL-12	<139	median	pg/mL			15-19	24.10			[145]
IL-12	78	median (IQR)	pg/mL			12-16	11.70 (1.80-42.75)			[146]
IL-12	56	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	5.60 (0.10, 70.60)			29-31	4.90 (0.00, 29.40)	[36]
IL-12	28	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	9-11	4.50 (2.00, 9.10)			29-31	3.00 (1.50, 7.20)	[37]
IL-12	64	median (IQR)	pg/mL					31	1.90 (4.20)	[148]

IL-12p70	71	median (range)	pg/mL	7-10	3.25 (0.00-83.44)					[142]
IL-12p70	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (3.10, 14.60)					[96]
IL-12p70	504	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	26.50 (20.80, 34.80)					[42]
IL-12p70	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (1.80, 5.50)					[43]
IL-12p70	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	3.30 (2.00, 5.50)					[43]
IL-12p70	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	2.90 (1.90, 5.90)			[43]
IL-12p70	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	3.30 (1.90, 6.90)			[43]
IL-12p70	100	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16	1.70 (0.80)			[154]
IL-12p70	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	1.24 (0.01-413.60)			[51]
IL-12p70	20	median (range)	pg/mL			23-25	1.60 (0.10-2.90)	32-36	1.90 (0.30-3.00)	[66]
IL-12p70	≤117	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	1.48 (0.06-86.04)	[25]
IL-12p70	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	5.00 (4.00-5.00)	[79]
IL-12p70	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	[24]

IL-12p40	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (3.10, 7.50)					[96]
IL-12p40	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	4.43 (0.01-232.23)			[78]
IL-12p40	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	136.00 (118.00-168.00)	[79]
IL-12p40	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	136.00 (118.00, 168.00)	[24]

IL-17	13	mean	pg/mL	10-12	14.61	24-26	21.40	36-38	37.28	[72]
IL-17	≤40	median (IQR)	pg/mL	12	291.00 (66.00, 593.00)	19	112.00 (<4.00, 778.00)	33	198.00 (115.00, 524.00)	[73]
IL-17	≤40	median (IQR)	pg/mL			26	253.00 (134.00, 461.00)	39	180.00 (143.00, 259.00)	[73]
IL-17	77	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	4.30 (3.00, 10.40)					[96]
IL-17	504	Median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	97.90 (80.20, 123.00)					[42]
IL-17	104	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	41.30 (32.20, 49.50)					[43]
IL-17	96	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	12	41.30 (34.00, 49.40)					[43]
IL-17	93	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			19	37.40 (30.50, 45.00)			[43]
IL-17	101	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL			24	38.90 (29.70, 49.70)			[43]
IL-17	>700	median (range)	pg/mL			15-20	0.71 (0.01-46.74)			[78]
IL-17	20	median (range)	pg/mL			23-25	3.40 (0.10-12.00)	32-36	2.40 (0.10-12.70)	[66]
IL-17	≤23	median (IQR)	pg/mL			24-27	5.14 (2.73-25.69)	29-32	3.41 (2.04-23.60)	[70]
IL-17	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	0.00 (0.00-0.00)	[186]
IL-17	50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					37	16.45 (4.54)	[185]
IL-17	50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	773.00 (36.20)	[106]

IL-18	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	2.50 (0.24-11.00)			[77]
IL-18	105	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	499.86 (174.40)			[144]
IL-18	≤117	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	71.94 (17.18-224.85)	[25]
IL-18	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	56.00 (44.00-73.70)	[79]
IL-18	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	56.00 (44.00, 73.70)	[24]

IL-33	159	mean (SEM)	pg/mL	6	2708.00 (1805.00)					[95]
IL-33	159	mean (SEM)	pg/mL	7	4497.00 (2342.00)					[95]
IL-33	159	mean (SEM)	pg/mL	8	4862.00 (2134.00)					[95]
IL-33	159	mean (SEM)	pg/mL	9	1624.00 (731.00)					[95]
IL-33	159	mean (SEM)	pg/mL	10	1894.00 (860.00)					[95]
IL-33	159	mean (SEM)	pg/mL	11	1037.00 (574.00)					[95]

TGF-β	120	median (Q1-Q3)	pg/mL	0-12	473.40 (398.00-580.50)	13-27	310.40 (258.40-379.60)	≥28	325.10 (279.40-371.50)	[92]
TGF-β	250	median (IQR)	pg/mL	11	665.00 (1030.00)					[143]
TGF-β	178	median (range)	pg/mL	11	604.00 (39.00-5501.00)					[58]
TGF-β	297	median (range)	pg/mL			16	821.00 (39.00-13226.00)			[77]
TGF-β	392	median (IQR)	pg/mL			17	225.00 (1083.00)			[143]
TGF-β	233	median (range)	pg/mL			17	872.00 (39.00-3765.00)			[58]
TGF-β	105	mean (SD)	pg/mL			18	2.15 (1.50)			[144]
TGF-β	194	mean (SD)	pg/mL			22-25	1,288,991.00 (4,235,398.00)			[187]
TGF-β	50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					37	33.25 (16.74)	[185]
TGF-β	60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					36	364.00 (307.00-413.00)	[79]
TGF-β	60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					36	364.00 (307.00, 413.00)	[24]
TGF-β	100	mean (range)	ng/mL					30-35	47.05 (31.48-142.25)	[133]

Maternal serum cytokine concentrations obtained within trimester 1 (approx. 1-12 weeks), trimester 2 (approx. 13-27 weeks), and trimester 3 (approx. 28 weeks—labour). GA: gestational age at sample collection; UR: information unreported in original manuscript; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error.