Journal of Pregnancy

Review Article

Maternal Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Healthy Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

Table 3

Cytokines measured in maternal serum in pregnant women who developed preeclampsia.


	Comment	N.	Concentration units			Trimester 1		Trimester 2		Trimester 3	Ref.
	Comment	N.	Concentration units		GA	Concentration	GA	Concentration	GA	Concentration	Ref.

IFN-γ		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	8.50 (3.70, 18.40)					[96]
IFN-γ		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	415.00 (334.00, 493.00)					[42]
IFN-γ		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (4.00-902.00)					[58]
IFN-γ		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-2450.00)			[58]
IFN-γ		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	112.50 (4.00-3726.00)			[77]
IFN-γ		12	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			14-18	0.28 (2.27)			[99]
IFN-γ		14	mean (SE)	pg/mL			14-18	0.70 (0.20)			[97]
IFN-γ		300	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			25-36	177.20 (5.21)			[101]
IFN-γ		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	35.95 (65.55)	[103]
IFN-γ		33	median (IQR)	pg/mL					35	210.00 (142.40-287.06)	[107]
IFN-γ		53	median	pg/mL					36	218.30	[105]
IFN-γ	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	221.00 (70.50)	[106]
IFN-γ		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	5.00 (4.00-6.00)	[79]
IFN-γ		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	5.00 (4.00, 6.00)	[24]
IFN-γ		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	3.97 (3.97-18.06)	[104]
IFN-γ		11	median (range)	pg/mL					29	8.42 (0.36)	[188]

TNF-α		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	11.12 (6.10, 19.30)					[96]
TNF-α		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	60.90 (54.90, 69.20)					[42]
TNF-α		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	4.00 (4.00-467.00)					[58]
TNF-α		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-599.00)			[58]
TNF-α		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-1770.00)			[77]
TNF-α		12	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			14-18	1.96 (1.39)			[99]
TNF-α		14	mean (SE)	pg/mL			14-18	73.57 (13.37)			[97]
TNF-α		31	mean (SD)	pg/mL			≥20	192.20 (92.90)			[117]
TNF-α		300	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			25-36	610.60 (66.51)			[101]
TNF-α		38	mean (SD)	pg/mL					≥28	855.80 (385.10)	[108]
TNF-α		60	mean (SE)	pg/mL					30	169.00 (11.00)	[186]
TNF-α	severe	60	median (range)	pg/mL					31	8.55 (2.10-121.00)	[115]
TNF-α	mild	61	median (range)	pg/mL					33	6.90 (3.03-10.50)	[115]
TNF-α		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	12.90 (25.30)	[103]
TNF-α		30	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	31.10 (13.08)	[113]
TNF-α	severe	20	median (range)	ng/dl					33	7.70 (3.40-20.30)	[116]
TNF-α	mild	22	median (range)	ng/dl					34	9.50 (4.10-35.50)	[116]
TNF-α	mild	32	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					35	84.90 (25.90, 28.90)	[136]
TNF-α	both	99	mean (SD)	pg/mL					35	26.49 (12.14)	[112]
TNF-α		53	median	pg/mL					36	185.20	[105]
TNF-α	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	203.00 (72.70)	[106]
TNF-α		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	2.00 (2.00-3.00)	[79]
TNF-α		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)	[24]
TNF-α	mild	9	median (range)	pg/mL					37	8.85 (4.06-14.79)	[119]
TNF-α	severe	15	median (range)	pg/mL					37	15.95 (13.92-30.67)	[119]
TNF-α		<55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	20.16 (0.48)	[138]
TNF-α		<139	mean (SD)	pg/mL					>37	27.62 (0.64)	[138]
TNF-α		50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					30-40	278.00 (31.59)	[114]
TNF-α		80	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					28-41	30.76 (28.63, 32.00)	[111]

IL-1β		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	2.20 (1.10, 3.20)					[96]
IL-1β		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	2.41 (2.08, 2.89)					[42]
IL-1β		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	10.00 (4.00-98.00)					[58]
IL-1β		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	9.00 (4.00-1634.00)			[58]
IL-1β		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	214.50 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-1β		≤39	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	0.38 (0.01-0.92)	[25]
IL-1β		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	83.50 (107.20)	[103]
IL-1β	mild	32	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					35	1.90 (0.00, 317.00)	[136]
IL-1β		30	median (range)	pg/mL					35	2.10 (1.30-7.20)	[123]
IL-1β		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	28.00 (23.00-34.00)	[79]
IL-1β		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	28.00 (23.00, 34.00)	[24]
IL-1β		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	0.55 (0.41-0.61)	[104]

IL-2		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.1 0 (0.80, 3.10)					[96]
IL-2		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	18.70 (15.60, 22.90)					[42]
IL-2		300	mean (SEM)	pg/mL			25-36	276.16 (8.70)			[101]
IL-2		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	32.70 (65.00)	[103]
IL-2		53	median	pg/mL					36	273.20	[105]
IL-2	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	273.00 (4.76)	[106]
IL-2		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	7.50 (5.50-12.00)	[79]
IL-2		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	7.50 (5.50, 12.00)	[24]
IL-2		50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					30-40	497.00 (44.35)	[114]
IL-2		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	0.31 (0.18-0.79)	[104]

IL-6		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.50 (2.40, 11.30)					[96]
IL-6		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	9.40 (8.36, 12.53)					[42]
IL-6		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	88.50 (4.00-4000.00)					[58]
IL-6		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	73.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[58]
IL-6		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-6		31	mean (SD)	pg/mL			≥20	4.80 (4.80)			[117]
IL-6		47	mean (SD)	pg/mL			16-27	2.62 (0.01-58.83)	28-40	4.57 (0.00-76.36)	[120]
IL-6	severe	32	median (IQR)	pg/mL					28-30	3.39 (1.39-4.37)	[122]
IL-6	severe	45	median (IQR)	pg/mL					30	1.10 (0.60-7.90)	[124]
IL-6	severe	60	median (range)	pg/mL					31	21.10 (2.80-248.90)	[115]
IL-6	mild	61	median (range)	pg/mL					33	13.60 (3.50-108.90)	[115]
IL-6		104	median (range)	pg/mL					33	11.81 (2.76-267.40)	[125]
IL-6	early onset	20	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	40.80 (3.51)	[126]
IL-6		22	median (range)	pg/mL					33	24.49 (4.71-237.00)	[121]
IL-6		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	14.90 (21.10)	[103]
IL-6	severe	20	median (range)	ng/dl					33	55.70 (34.20-263.40)	[116]
IL-6	mild	22	median (range)	ng/dl					34	50.20 (24.20-248.10)	[116]
IL-6		30	median (range)	pg/mL					35	7.90 (4.80-30.00)	[123]
IL-6		30	median (range)	pg/mL					35	7.80 (1.00-108.00)	[129]
IL-6	both	45	median (range)	pg/mL					36	423.67 (163.82-2749.05)	[128]
IL-6	late onset	21	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	33.50 (1.63)	[126]
IL-6		53	median	pg/mL					36	147.00	[105]
IL-6	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	258.00 (26.70)	[106]
IL-6		80	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					28-41	7.57 (6.66, 8.92)	[117]
IL-6		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	15.50 (12.00-32.00)	[79]
IL-6		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	15.50 (12.00, 32.00)	[24]
IL-6	mild	9	median (range)	pg/mL					37	69.79 (30.19-333.87)	[119]
IL-6	severe	15	median (range)	pg/mL					37	52.84 (112.89-669.79)	[119]
IL-6		50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	14.29 (10.11)	[182]
IL-6		20	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	3.70 (20.10)	[127]
IL-6		<55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	22.68 (0.27)	[138]
IL-6		<139	mean (SD)	pg/mL					>37	26.03 (0.71)	[138]
IL-6		50	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					30-40	33.10 (8.39)	[114]
IL-6		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	2.60 (1.89-4.99)	[104]

IL-8		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	354.30 (190.30, 548.00)					[96]
IL-8		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	16.60 (14.30, 19.30)					[42]
IL-8		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	13.00 (4.00-1458.00)					[58]
IL-8		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	20.50 (4.00-4000.00)			[58]
IL-8		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-8		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	52.70 (69.60)	[103]
IL-8		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	78.00 (35.00-273.00)	[79]
IL-8		≤39	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	3.27 (0.61-6.08)	[25]
IL-8		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	78.00 (35.00, 273.00)	[24]
IL-8	mild	9	median (range)	pg/mL					37	140.40 (48.60-742.72)	[119]
IL-8	severe	15	median (range)	pg/mL					37	691.32 (140.40-1056.55)	[119]
IL-8		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	5.02 (2.61-9.14)	[104]

IL-12		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	8.50 (4.00-1508.00)					[58]
IL-12		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-298.00)			[58]
IL-12		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	4.00 (4.00-2764.00)			[77]

IL-12p70		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (2.40, 50.50)					[96]
IL-12p70		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	25.80 (20.70, 31.60)					[42]
IL-12p70		≤39	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	1.93 (0.67-247.64)	[25]
IL-12p70		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	[79]
IL-12p70		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	6.00 (5.00, 8.00)	[24]
IL-12p70		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	11.93 (5.88-20.67)	[104]

IL-12p40		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (3.10, 3.80)					[96]
IL-12p40		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	185.00 (153.00-215.00)	[79]
IL-12p40		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	185.00 (153.00, 215.00)	[24]

IL-4		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	41.80 (24.00, 91.50)					[96]
IL-4		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	5.03 (4.49, 5.62)					[42]
IL-4		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	25.00 (4.00-1064.00)					[58]
IL-4		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	19.00 (4.00-1694.00)			[58]
IL-4		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	19.00 (4.00-950.00)			[77]
IL-4		12	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			14-18	0.55 (1.69)			[99]
IL-4		14	mean (SE)	pg/mL			14-18	2.39 (0.71)			[97]
IL-4		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	66.10 (106.50)	[103]
IL-4		33	median (IQR)	pg/mL					35	10.30 (3.33-18.35)	[107]
IL-4		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	3.00 (3.00-4.00)	[79]
IL-4		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	3.00 (3.00, 4.00)	[24]
IL-4	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	258.00 (26.70)	[106]
IL-4		<55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	18.21 (0.05)	[138]
IL-4		<139	mean (SD)	pg/mL					>37	12.77 (0.81)	[138]
IL-4		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	0.14 (0.05-0.23)	[104]

IL-13		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.10 (3.10, 27.12)					[96]
IL-13		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	4.88 (3.73, 5.76)					[42]
IL-13	both	20	median	pg/ml					36	87.50	[132]
IL-13		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	1.50 (1.15-2.11)	[104]

IL-10		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	3.20 (3.10, 14.50)					[96]
IL-10		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	3.83 (2.60, 4.99)					[42]
IL-10		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	44.50 (4.00-743.00)					[58]
IL-10		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	41.50 (3.00-836.00)			[58]
IL-10		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	225.50 (4.00-4000.00)			[77]
IL-10		12	mean (SD)	log pg/mL			14-18	2.17 (1.67)			[99]
IL-10		14	mean (SE)	pg/mL			14-18	39.21 (9.46)			[97]
IL-10	mild	38	mean (SD)	pg/mL			14-18	21.54 (0.89)			[98]
IL-10	severe	40	mean (SD)	pg/mL			14-18	14.84 (2.73)			[98]
IL-10		31	mean (SD)	pg/mL			≥20	4.00 (2.80)			[117]
IL-10		20	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	13.34 (3.54)	[137]
IL-10		60	mean (SE)	pg/mL					30	23164.00 (996.00)	[189]
IL-10		≤39	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	1.30 (0.21-3,498.65)	[25]
IL-10		12	mean (SD)	pg/mL					33	18.70 (29.00)	[103]
IL-10		33	median (IQR)	pg/mL					35	8.60 (2.39-16.66)	[107]
IL-10		50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	27.15 (13.24)	[185]
IL-10		<55	mean (SD)	pg/mL					28-36	11.26 (0.80)	[138]
IL-10		<139	mean (SD)	pg/mL					>37	7.66 (0.74)	[138]
IL-10		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	23.00 (18.00, 35.00)	[24]
IL-10		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	23.00 (18.00-35.00)	[79]
IL-10	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	237.00 (251.00)	[106]
IL-10		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	2.06 (1.29-4.09)	[104]

IL-18		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	2.90 (0.10-11.00)			[77]
IL-18		≤39	median (range)	pg/mL					30-33	72.45 (25.62-415.56)	[25]
IL-18		24	median (range)	pg/mL					35	159.90 (125.60-193.50)	[131]
IL-18		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	73.50 (55.00, 87.00)	[24]
IL-18		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	73.50 (55.00-87.00)	[79]

IL-33	both	41	median (range)	pg/mL					36	0.21 (0.16–0.26)	135

TGF-β		64	median (range)	pg/mL	11	718.00 (39.00-3468.00)					[58]
TGF-β		144	median (range)	pg/mL			17	682.50 (39.00-4882.00)			[58]
TGF-β		409	median (range)	pg/mL			17	1008.00 (39.00-10256.00)			[77]
TGF-β		32	median (IQR)	ng/mL					32	15,092.00 (6,801.00-20,335.00)	[130]
TGF-β		60	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	383.00 (331.00-418.00)	[79]
TGF-β		60	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL					37	383.00 (331.00, 418.00)	[24]
TGF-β		50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	31.25 (15.32)	[185]
TGF-β	both	20	median (range)	ng/mL					36	25.90 (13.60-35.90)	[132]
TGF-β	both	140	median (range)	ng/mL					32-37	62.14 (22.19-152.13)	[133]

IL-17		9	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	10	5.20 (3.90, 10.40)					[96]
IL-17		25	median (25^th, 75^th percentile)	pg/mL	11-13	95.40 (79.00, 120.10)					[42]
IL-17		31	mean (SD)	pg/mL			≥20	18.50 (10.80)			[117]
IL-17		32	median (IQR)	pg/mL					32	3.90 (2.55-5.06)	[130]
IL-17		20	median (range)	pg/mL					34	18.80 (11.20-25.00)	[190]
IL-17		50	mean (SD)	pg/mL					36	20.80 (9.15)	[185]
IL-17		59	median (IQR)	pg/mL					37	0.47 (0.00-0.53)	[186]
IL-17	both	53	mean (SEM)	pg/mL					37	785.00 (118.00)	[106]
IL-17		20	median (IQR)	pg/mL					UR	6.76 (4.39-11.79)	[104]
IL-17	both	40	mean (SD)	pg/mL					UR	12.00 (6.70)	[134]

Maternal serum cytokine concentrations obtained within trimester 1 (approx. 1-12 weeks), trimester 2 (approx. 13-27 weeks), and trimester 3 (approx. 28 weeks—labour). GA: gestational age at sample collection; UR: information unreported in original manuscript; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error.