A Selective Chromogenic Plate, YECA, for the Detection of Pathogenic <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>: Specificity, Sensitivity, and Capacity to Detect Pathogenic <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> from Pig Tonsils

Denis, M.; Houard, E.; Labbé, A.; Fondrevez, M.; Salvat, G.

doi:https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/296275

Journal of Pathogens

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Yersiniosis and Food Safety

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2011 | Article ID 296275 | https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/296275

A Selective Chromogenic Plate, YECA, for the Detection of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica: Specificity, Sensitivity, and Capacity to Detect Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from Pig Tonsils

M. Denis,¹E. Houard,¹A. Labbé,¹M. Fondrevez,¹and G. Salvat¹

Academic Editor: Latiful Bari

Received11 Feb 2011

Accepted23 Mar 2011

Published09 Jun 2011

Abstract

A new selective chromogenic plate, YECA, was tested for its specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils. We tested a panel of 26 bacterial strains on YECA and compared it to PCA, CIN, and YeCM media. Detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was carried out on 50 pig tonsils collected in one slaughter house. Enrichment was done in PSB and ITC broths. Streaking on YECA and CIN was done in direct, after 24H incubation of ITC, after 48H incubation of PSB and ITC. All the plates were incubated at during 24 hours. Presence of typical colonies on CIN and YECA was checked, and isolates were biotyped. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains showed an important growth on YECA with small and red fuchsia colonies while biotype 1A exhibited very few violet colonies. Enrichment in ITC during 48H gave the best performance for detecting positive samples in pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, and YECA could detect directly pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains (2, 3, and 4). Use of YECA in combination with ITC generates a time-saver by giving a positive test in 72H.

1. Introduction

Y. enterocolitica is a common cause of acute enteritis in temperate and cold countries worldwide, including France. The main symptoms of human yersiniosis are diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Bacteria usually remain in the intestinal tract, but may also invade their host, causing abscesses in deep organs and septicemia in patients with underlying conditions [1].

In 2009, yersiniosis was, for the sixth consecutive year, the third most frequently reported human zoonosis in the Europe, with a total of 8,354 confirmed cases [2]. Y. enterocolitica was the most common Yersinia species reported in human cases in European countries, accounting for 93.8% of all confirmed cases of yersiniosis [3].

Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains belong to biotypes 1B, 2, 3, 4, and 5, whereas biotype 1A strains are nonpathogenic and widespread in the environment [4]. In France and most other countries worldwide, biotype 4 is the most prevalent biotype isolated from humans (69%), followed by biotype 2 (30%) and biotype 3 (1%) [1].

Human infections most frequently occur as sporadic cases or small family-centered outbreaks [1]. Y. enterocolitica is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and its principal reservoirs are animals. Pigs are considered the principal reservoir for the types of Y. enterocolitica pathogenic to humans, although other animal species, such as cattle, sheep, poultry, fish, deer, small rodents, cats, and dogs, may also carry pathogenic biotypes [4–9]. Contaminated drinking water is also reported as source of biotype 1B Yersinia infection [10].

The incidence of yersiniosis due to pork consumption in humans was recently estimated at 2.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year in Europe [11]. This bacterium is the second most frequent contaminant of pig products, after Salmonella (3.3) and ahead of Campylobacter (2.1). Pigs do not develop clinical signs, but they do carry Y. enterocolitica in their oral cavity, on tongues and tonsils, and in lymph nodes, and excrete this bacterium in their feces [12, 13]. Bioserotype 4/O: 3 is the most prevalent pathogenic bioserotype isolated from pigs [14–20].

Detection of Yersiniosis is carried out by using ISO 10273-2003 method [21]. This method is recommended for both food and pig tonsil analyses [22] but involves time-consuming enrichment steps followed by plating on selective media [23]. This method involves enrichment in two broths, peptone sorbitol bile (PSB) broth, and irgasan-ticarcillin-potassium chlorate (ITC) broth, followed by a streaking on two plates, cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar plateand Salmonella-Shigella-sodium deoxycholate-calcium chloride (SSDC) agar plate, respectively. Moreover, incubation of PSB broth can take up to five days. Recently, authors proposed modifications of the method in order to simplify the detection of Y. enterocolitica. Van Damme et al. (2010) [20] showed that the use of a two-day incubation period at 25°C, instead of five days, for the PSB broth resulted in a significantly higher recovery rate of Yersinia. Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24] demonstrated that streaking onto a CIN agar plate from ITC broth, recovered a larger number of positive samples than the ISO method. In addition, Weagant (2008) [25] has developed a chromogenic medium, Yersinia enterocolitica chromogenic medium (YeCM), for the specific detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. However, difficulties were encountered to isolate pathogenic Y. enterocolitica colonies among the non-Y. enterocolitica colonies when using YeCM just after the enrichment step. It is the reason why a method involving streaking from ITC broth onto a CIN agar plate, followed by the streaking of typical Y. enterocolitica colonies onto the chromogenic medium, YeCM, was proposed by Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24]. This method allowed separation of Y. enterocolitica strains which carried pathogenic biotypes (red bull’s-eye-like on YeCM) from the nonpathogenic biotype, 1A (blue-purple on YeCM) but an additional step of 24 hours is then needed.

Other alternative methods using PCR [8, 26] for detecting Yersinia enterocolitica from food or tonsil have been published. While PCR can be useful to quickly detect suspected positive samples, only culture method enable to recover isolates.

In this work, we tested a new selective chromogenic plate, YECA, for its specificity and sensitivity. We tested its accuracy to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils as Y. enterocolitica becomes a preoccupation in Europe’s pig production.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. YECA: Yersinia Enterocolitica Agar—Selective Chromogenic Medium for Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Screening

YECA developed by AES Chemunex (Combourg, France) is described as a chromogenic plate which permits to isolate specifically pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica; the typical colonies are small and red fuchsia. This coloration is due to the presence of colour indicator revealed by sugar fermentation. The presence of desoxycholate improves the red fuchsia coloration of the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica colonies. The chromogenic substrate and tryptophan in the media allow the differentiation of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains from the nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains (biotype 1A) and a majority of enterobacteria.

2.2. Specificity of YECA

The specificity of YECA was tested against 26 strains listed in Table 1. These strains were Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia-like, and non-Yersinia. The following strains, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas sp., and Serratia liquefaciens, were obtained from nontypical colonies isolated from CIN after pig tonsil swab enrichment in ITC during the study of Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24]. Each strain was cultured in 5 mL of appropriated broth and incubation temperature for 24 hours.

The cultures were all adjusted to 4 McFarland, corresponding to a concentration of 10⁸ to 10⁹ cells per mL. Streaking was then performed (1) on CIN agar plate (Yersinia Selective Agar Base and Yersinia Selective Supplement, Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), (2) on YeCM medium (prepared in the laboratory as described by Weagant [25] and, (3) on YECA (AES chemunex, Combourg, France).

We measure the specificity by screening if the expected results for the Yersinia enterocolitica strains were obtained, that is, small and smooth colonies, with a red centre and a translucent rim, on CIN, red bull’s-eye-like colonies for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and blue-purple colonies for the nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica on YeCM, small (<1 mm) red fuchsia colonies for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and small (<1 mm) violet colonies for the nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica on YECA. Moreover, if growth of bacteria was observed on plate, we noted the importance of growth in a scale from 1 to 5; 1 was applied when we observed one to 5 colonies on the plate, 5 when colonies covered all the plate.

2.3. Sensitivity of YECA

Yersinia enterocolitica strains from biotype 1A (IP124), 2 (IP383), 3 (IP29228), and 4 (IP134) (purchased from Pasteur Institute, Paris, France) were incubated in 5 mL of Brain Heart Infusion (BHI, AES Chemunex, Combourg, France) broth during 24 h at 30°C. The overnight cultures were all adjusted to 4 Mc Farland corresponding to a concentration of 10⁸ to 10⁹ cells per mL. For each biotype, a tenfold dilution was then done in tryptone salt. Then 100 μL of the −5 to −10 dilutions were spread on PCA, CIN and YeCM plates, and 100 μL of the −1 to −10 dilutions were spread on YECA plates. All the plates were incubated at 30°C for 24 hours and enumeration of the colonies was then performed.

3. Detection of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from Pig Tonsils

The assay was carried out on 50 pig tonsils collected from a slaughterhouse in five times (10 tonsils per visit), and culture method used has been presented in Figure 1. From each tonsil, 10 g were cut in small pieces and put into a bag containing 90 mL of PSB broth (prepared in the laboratory, as described in the ISO 10273:2003 method). After stomaching, 10 μL were streaked directly onto YECA and CIN plates, and 1 mL was transferred in 9 mL of ITC broth. PSB and ITC were incubated at 25°C for 48 hours, before a second streaking onto YECA, and CIN. In addition, after 24 hours of enrichment in ITC broth, an extra streaking on YECA and CIN was performed. All the plates were incubated at 30°C for 24 hours.

Presence of typical colonies on CIN (small and smooth with a red centre and translucent rim) and on YECA (small and red fuchsia) were checked. At least two typical colonies per plate were streaked on YeCM, and these plates were incubated at 30°C for 24 hours. This step on YeCM permitted to differentiate rapidly the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica (red bull’s-eye-like colonies) from the nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica (blue-purple colonies). Confirmation and biotyping was then done by biochemical assays as described in ISO 10273:2003 standard.

4. Results

4.1. Specificity of YECA (Table 1)

The strains of Yersinia enterocolitica showed the expected characteristics on CIN and YeCM, that is, important growth for all the biotypes and, on CIN, small colonies, with a red centre and a translucent rim, and on YeCM, red bull’s-eye-like colonies for biotype 2, 3, and 4 and blue-purple colonies for the nonpathogenic biotype 1A.

On YECA, the three pathogenic Y. enterocolitica showed an important growth with numerous small and red fuchsia colonies while the nonpathogenic biotype 1A had a very small growth on YECA. Only 5 violet colonies could be observed on YECA for this biotype while streaking was done from culture containing at least 10⁸ cells per mL. YECA consequently exhibited a high inhibitor effect on the growth of the nonpathogenic biotype 1A.

On CIN, seven of the Yersinia-like strains grew as red colonies with translucent rim in fair number. Only Yersinia ruckeri was inhibited. Similar results were noted on YeCM with an inhibition of Yersinia ruckeri and a good growth of the other strains even though they grew as nontypical colonies.

Absence of growth was noted also for Yersinia ruckeri on YECA. The other Yersinia-likes strains were able to growth on YECA but the number of colonies was very small indicating that YECA had to high inhibitor effect on their growth. This inhibition is useful because we saw that the colony of Yersinia aldovae and the colony of Yersinia mollaretii had similar characteristics on YECA than Yersinia enterocolitica, that is, small red fuchsia. These two colonies were probably observed because streaking was carried out from a culture rich in cells, around 10⁸ cells per mL.

For the 14 non-Yersinia strains, we observed for CIN, YeCM, and YECA an absence of growth or growth but as not characteristic colonies on these media.

These results showed that it is possible on YECA to differentiate the three pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from the panel of strains tested in this work.

4.2. Sensitivity of YECA (Table 2)

The sensitivity of YECA against the four biotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica was compared to the one obtained on PCA, CIN, and YeCM using a 10-fold serial dilution of the four strains.

The sensitivity of YECA was identical to those of PCA, CIN, and YeCM for the pathogenic biotypes; enumeration was possible until the dilution −8.

But for the biotype 1A, colonies on YECA could be numerated only at the dilutions −1, −2, −3 while on PCA, CIN and YeCM, it was possible to count the colonies of this biotype until the dilution −8.

These results showed that YECA had the same sensitivity than selective and nonselective media. YECA allowed the detection of Y. enterocolitica strains carrying pathogenic biotype, specifically.

4.3. Detection of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from Pig Tonsils

Out of the 50 tonsils, pathogenic Y. enterocolitica were detected on CIN and YECA, respectively, from 17 and 15 tonsils after direct streaking, from 21 and 22 tonsils after ITC-24 hours, from 28 and 28 tonsils after ITC-48 hours, and from 8 and 5 tonsils after PSB-48 hours.

This work showed first that enrichment in ITC during 48 hours resulted in a significantly higher recovery rate of samples positive in pathogenic Y. enterocolitica compared to direct streaking, streaking after ITC-24 hours and streaking after PSB-48 hours. Secondly, the concordance between the results obtained from CIN and YECA is high; the same number of positive tonsils was recovered after ITC-48 hours.

A total of 141 strains were collected on YECA and biotyped, 12 after PSB enrichment and 129 after ITC enrichment. Among the 141 strains, 135 were identified as biotype 4 (12 from PSB and 123 from ITC), two as biotype 3 and four as biotype 2. This result shows that YECA is able to detect these 3 pathogenic biotypes from naturally contaminated pig tonsils.

5. Discussion

At this day, the ISO 10273-2003 standard [21] is the reference method for isolating Yersinia enterocolitica from foods. This method is also recommended for pig tonsils analysis [22]. However, it involves time-consuming enrichment steps followed by plating on selective media [23]. This method involves enrichment in two broths, PSB and ITC, followed by a streaking on two plates, CIN and SSDC plates, respectively.

Cold enrichment in PSB broth was largely used for the clinical, food, and environmental samples. The major disadvantage of cold enrichment is the long period of incubation which is not appropriate for food analysis. Doyle and Hugdahl (1983) [27] showed that incubation in PSB solution during 1 to 3 days at 25°C was as effective as enrichment at 4°C during several weeks. This was recently confirmed by Van Damme et al. (2010) [20] who showed that the use of a two-day incubation period at 25°C, instead of five days, for the PSB broth, resulted in a significantly higher recovery rate of Yersinia.

Wauters et al. (1988) [28] developed an enrichment broth (ITC), derived from modified Rappaport, supplemented in Irgasan, Ticarcillin and potassium chlorate. The same authors indicated that enrichment in PSB broth gave better results for nonpathogenic strains, whereas enrichment in ITC broth gave better results for pathogenic strains. However, this broth proved to be effective bioserotype 4/O: 3 strains but inhibits bioserotype 2/O: 5, 27 strains [29, 30]. De Zutter et al. (1994) [31] modified ITC formula as to have a better recovery for bioserotype 2/O: 9 strains by decreasing the concentration of chloride potassium and in malachite green.

As indicated in the ISO 10273:2003 standard, Yersinia enterocolitica colonies on CIN agar are typically small and smooth, with a red centre and a translucent rim and, when examined with obliquely transmitted light, they are noniridescent and finely granular. On SSDC agar, Yersinia enterocolitica colonies are typically small and grey, with an indistinct rim, and are noniridescent and very finely granular when examined under obliquely transmitted light.

The SSDC agar is a modified SS agar with Sodium desoxycholate and calcium chloride in order to increase its selectivity [28]. Yersinia tolerates strong concentrations of this salt [32]. Moreover, the calcium chloride enhances the selection of the pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica, calcium dependent, in particular, bioserotype 4/O: 3 strains [28]. This agar is largely used because of its great selectivity and of its commercial availability. However, this medium does not always allow differentiating Yersinia from interfering flora such as Morganella, Proteus, Serratia, and Aeromonas.

It is Schiemann (1979) [33] who developed the medium CIN (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin) for the detection of Y. enterocolitica. The medium CIN is highly selective, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Colony morphology coupled with mannitol fermentation permitted discrimination of Y. enterocolitica from most of Gram-negative bacteria that can grow on this medium. Several comparative studies showed that CIN agar was the most selective medium for Yersinia spp. [34–36]. Micro-organisms able to ferment mannitol, like Yersinia, produce on CIN typical colonies after 24 hours (small and smooth colonies, with a red centre and a translucent rim). But Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans, and the species of Aeromonas, and Klebsiella produce colonies of similar morphology [37, 38]. However, users recognized that detection on CIN agar is easier since Y. enterocolitica has relatively more characteristic colony morphology on this medium (typical “bull's eye” appearance) compared to SSDC [20, 24]. However, Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24] recommend the use of CIN after the enrichment in ITC broth. Tested on 900 pig tonsil swabs, the authors showed that this way recovered a larger number of positive samples than with the ISO 10272:2003 procedure: 14.0% of tonsils tested positive with the new method, versus only 9.1% with the modified ISO method.

These media, CIN and SSDC, moreover lack the ability to differentiate potentially virulent Y. enterocolitica from the nonpathogenic strains and other Yersinia. Only panel of biochemical tests (esculin hydrolysis, indole production, and fermentation of xylose and trehalose) as described in the ISO 10273:2003 method permits to identify the biotype.

Recently, Weagant (2008) [25] has developed a chromogenic medium (YeCM) for the specific detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. This agar contains cellobiose as the fermentable sugar, a chromogenic substrate, and selective inhibitors for suppression of colony formation of competing flora. On this medium, pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains grow as red bull’s-eye-like colonies while nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica grows as blue-purple colonies.

Direct use of this chromogenic agar after enrichment broth step was difficult because many nontypical colonies interfere with the visualization of the typical colonies. It is why Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24] proposed its use after the CIN step to quickly discriminate the nonpathogenic biotype from the pathogenic biotypes. While one more day is added in the detection, this method is less time consuming than the ISO 10273:2003 procedure and, with the use of YeCM, decreases the need for biochemical tests for confirmation and biotyping.

The European regulation concerning the zoonosis of food origin lies on the directive 2003/99/ that considers doing a monitoring of the principal agents responsible for food origin zoonosis, including Yersinia enterocolitica. In the last years, many countries showed an increasing interest in Y. enterocolitica epidemiology in pig production [17–19, 39, 40]. The various studies on this bacterium show also a real interest to propose other methods to detect it. Other alternative methods using PCR [8, 26] for detecting Yersinia enterocolitica from food or tonsil have been published. But while PCR can be useful to quickly detect suspected positive samples, only culture method enable to recover isolates which is necessary to study the spread of the bacteria from farms to humans. Recently, EFSA and the Members of the group of work Yersinia enterocolitica (2009) [41] proposed a national plan for monitoring Yersinia enterocolitica in pigs. It became necessary to have a simplified detection method which also could target directly the pathogenic biotypes responsible for human yersiniosis.

In this paper, we tested a new selective chromogenic plate, YECA, for its specificity, and sensitivity, and we tested its capacity to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils.

YECA in this study showed a real capacity to favor the growth of the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica (Biotype 2, 3, and 4) with typical colonies, small, and red fuchsia. Growth of biotype 1A was much reduced with violet colonies. Absence of growth or light growth of nontypical colonies was observed for the Yersinia-like strains and non-Yersinia strains tested in this work. Moreover, numeration of pure culture of Y. enterocolitica strains on YECA was similar to those carried out on PCA, CIN and YeCM, except for biotype 1A for which high inhibition was observed. We observed that YECA exhibits a stronger inhibitor effect on the growth of the Yersinia-like strains while numerous colonies were observed on the chromogenic media YeCM developed by Weagant (2008) [25]. This is interesting because absence of other interferent bacterial flora on the media allows rapid visualization of the presence or absence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica on YECA.

When tested from naturally contaminated pig tonsils, we observed a best performance for detecting positive samples after enrichment in ITC than in PSB and we obtained similar percentage of positive samples between CIN and YECA after enrichment in ITC during 48 hours. This result is consistent with the findings of Wauters et al. (1988) [28], indicating that enrichment in PSB broth gave better results for nonpathogenic strains, whereas enrichment in ITC broth gave better results for pathogenic strains. This result is also consistent with the work of Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24], showing that use of CIN after ITC recovered a larger number of positive samples than the use of CIN after PSB and the use of SSDC after ITC.

In this paper, isolates were confirmed as Yersinia and biotyped by biochemical assays as described in ISO 10273:2003 standard. This step was necessary to separate pathogenic strains from nonpathogenic strains. CIN does not differentiate biotype 1A from the pathogenic biotypes while YECA could detect directly pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains. This indicates that use of YECA decreases the need for biochemical tests for confirmation and biotyping.

From naturally contaminated pig tonsils, it could be possible to isolate the three pathogenic biotypes 2, 3, and 4 on YECA after ITC enrichment; biotype 4 representing 95.7% of all isolates. In the study of Fondrevez et al. (2010) [24], the most prevalent biotype was also biotype 4 (80.2% of all isolates), followed by biotype 3 (19.4% of all isolates). But no biotype 2 strains were detected in its study probably because ITC broth and CIN plates both favour the growth of biotype 4 [31, 42]. The results of our study seem to put forward that YECA could have a better capacity for detecting biotype 2 strains than CIN but this has to be confirmed on a higher number of samples.

In three days, it was possible to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains from pig tonsils when using YECA after ITC. Consequently, combination of ITC enrichment and YECA detection generates a timesaver by giving a positive test for pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in 72 hours.

In conclusion, we have described a simplified method that efficiently detects pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in pig tonsils and that it is less time consuming than the ISO 10273:2003 standard.

In this study, we used this method on pig tonsils as Yersinia enterocolitica becomes a preoccupation in Europe’s pig production, but studies has to be carried out for testing it on foods from animal or vegetal origin. Moreover, the chromogenic media could be tested on human faecal samples to detect human yersiniosis.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a Valorial financial support. We would like to thank Dr. E. Carniel from the Pasteur Institute (Paris, France) for providing the human strains and the manager of the slaughterhouse who agreed to participate in this study.

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Copyright © 2011 M. Denis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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