Clostridium difficile with Moxifloxacin/Clindamycin Resistance in Vegetables in Ohio, USA, and Prevalence Meta-Analysis

Figure 1

Toxigenic C. difficile strains isolated from fresh vegetables in Ohio. Illustration of PCR ribotyping of isolates and reference strains. This is the first isolation of PCR-027-like C. difficile from a sample of food or animal origin in the laboratory where this study took place. Laboratory cross-contamination was here quantified and thus deemed extremely unlikely. Reference strains PCR 027, 077, and 078 correspond to original isolates published by Rodriguez-Palacios et al. in 2006 which were characterized as relevant to the early 2000s epidemic outbreaks of CDIs in humans by Dr. J. Brazier at the Anaerobe Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile in Cardiff, UK [5]. All other reference strains correspond to isolates previously identified in animals in the USA [18, 37, 38].