Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Genetic Factors and Presumptive Enteroviral Etiology or Protection

Figure 2

Putative mechanisms suggested for the induction by members of the family Picornaviridae. (Viruses linked to the induction of T1D in experimental animals (natural nonhuman hosts) or through clinical studies, having a potential to infect humans in rare conditions.) Factors influencing the mechanisms involved in the beta cell destruction by these viruses. (a) Genes related to infection putatively influencing the mechanisms: HLA-DR, melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5, and interferon induced helicase 1. (b) Innate immunity: interferons, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins. (c) T- and B-lymphocytes, viral antibodies, islet cell antibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, antibody against insulin, and tyrosine phosphatase-related IA2-A antibodies.