|
| CTL specificity | Prominent effects | Side effects | References |
|
| EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) immunotherapy |
|
| LMP1 & LMP2 | Majority of pulmonary lesions were no longer evident in patients with recurrent NPC although primary tumour did not regress | Side effects such as fatigue, weakness, arthralgia, pain, haemoptysis, and epistaxis | [15] |
| Highly efficient on patients with relapsed/refractory NPC (62% remains disease-free up to 75 months) particularly with locoregional disease | No long-term toxicity was reported | [51] |
| 6 out of 11 NPC patients, in whom conventional treatment has failed, showed either tumour regression or disease stabilization lasting more than 4 months | Four patients developed grade 3 neutropenia. Two patients suffered grade 2 thrombocytopenia. One patient suffered grade 2 anaemia. Mild toxic effects such as fatigue and nausea were observed in 6 patients | [52] |
|
| LMP1 & LMP2, EBNA1 | Refractory NPC patients showed a median survival of 478 days, while patients with no or minimal residual disease remain alive | 10 out of 30 patients suffered grade 1 adverse events; 6 out of 30 suffered grade 2 adverse events and 2 out of 30 suffered grade 3 | [53] |
| The median overall survival increased from 220 to 530 days compared with patients who did not receive the therapy | Few patients have been reported to have flu-like symptoms, malaise, dry cough, and low blood pressure | [54] |
|
| LMPs, EBNAs, BZLF1, BRKF1, BRMF1 | Combination treatment of gemcitabine and carboplatin (GC) and CTL resulted in improved survival outcomes | Most of the reported side effects were grade 1. Mild toxic effects such as rash, fever, and fatigue were seen | [55] |
|
| LMP2, EBNAs, lytic proteins (BZLF1, BRLF1, BMLF1) | Patients with recurrent NPC produced higher number of autologous CTLs following CD45 mAbs | Grade 1 and 2 nonhematologic toxicities were observed among patients, including fever, abdominal pain, hypotension, and nausea. Transient neutropenia was also observed | [49] |
|
| EBV-based therapeutic vaccine |
|
| Truncated LMP1 & full-length LMP2 | Induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in 9 out of 12 patients | Mild nonhematological toxic effects such as fever, fatigue, and skin rash were observed in 9 patients. Total of 15 patients suffered grade 1/2 or 3 anaemia | [56] |
|
| LMP2 & EBNA1 | Increased the T-cell responses in 15 of 18 patients | Reported negative reactions at injection sites. Flu-like symptoms, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, headache/dizziness, and hepatotoxicity were observed | [20] |
| Increased immunity and induced differentiation and functional diversification of responsive T-cell populations | Grade 1 and 2 injection site reaction was observed in all participants. Nine patients experienced systemic toxicity | [19] |
|
