Stopping the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review on the Advances of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control Measures

Table 2

Current therapeutic options for COVID-19.

Class	Medication	Mechanism of action	Common use in/against	Trials (n)	Phase
Antiviral	Remdesivir	RdRp inhibitor	Ebola	19	Phase-III (NCT04280705)
	Favipiravir	RdRp inhibitor	Influenza	41	Phase-IV (NCT04359615)
	Lopinavir/Ritonavir	Inhibits viral protease	HIV	48	Phase-IV (NCT04252885)
	Danoprevir	Inhibits viral protease	HCV	3	Phase-IV (NCT04291729)
	Nafamostat	Inhibits TMPRSS2 enzyme	Pancreatitis	3	Phase-III (NCT04418128)
	Ribavirin	Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase	RSV, HCV	9	Phase-III (NCT04460443)
	Umifenovir	Viral envelope membrane fusion inhibitor	Influenza	4	Phase-IV (NCT04350684)
Anti-inflammatory	Tocilizumab	Humanized IL-6 receptor antibody	Rheumatoid arthritis	55	Phase-IV (ChiCTR2000033705)
	Sarilumab	Humanized IL-6 receptor antibody	Rheumatoid arthritis	19	Phase-III (NCT04327388)
	Sargramostim	Humanized GM-CSF to restore immune homeostasis	Acute myeloid leukemia	3	Phase-IV (NCT04326920)
	Ruxolitinib	Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor	Myelofibrosis	21	Phase-III (NCT04348071)
	Methylprednisolone	Suppresses host inflammatory responses	Immune suppressor	15	Phase-III (NCT04244591)
	Monoclonal antibody	Binds to RBD of SARS-CoV-2	Wider usage	57	Phase-III (NCT04483960)
Antiparasitic	Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine	Increases endosomal pH; interferes viral fusion with cell	Malaria	100+	Phase-IV (NCT04466540)
	Ivermectin	Prevents translocation of viral proteins into nucleus	Parasitic infection	32	Phase-IV (NCT04435587)
	Suramin	Inhibits viral replication at early phase	Sleeping sickness	1	(CHICTR2000030029)
Interferon	IFN-β 1a	Activates host immune system	Multiple sclerosis	1	Phase-III (IRCT20080901001165N53)
Others	Convalescent plasma	Antibodies target SARS-CoV-2	Wider usage	100+	(NCT04264858)
	Mesenchymal stem Cell	Decreases hyperactivated T cells and increases IL-10	IMID	100+	Phase-III (IRCT20200426047206N2)

RdRp = RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; IMID = immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.