Excretory-Secretory Products from Hookworm L₃ and Adult Worms Suppress Proinflammatory Cytokines in Infected Individuals

Table 1

Cytokine concentrations (pg/mL) in supernatants from PHA-stimulated PBMC cultures with or without costimulation by adult worm ES (ES-AW) or third-stage larval ES (ES-L₃) antigen. Values from hookworm-infected individuals (𝑛=7) and negative controls (𝑛=6) are compared and indicated as mean values ± standard errors. Significant differences between groups are indicated with an asterisk (^∗𝑃<.01;  ^∗∗𝑃<.05).

	Group	Control	PHA	PHA+ES-AW	PHA+ES-L3
IL-1𝛽	Hookworm	1,034±239^∗	1,446±176^∗	1,421±265	1,456±320
	Negative controls	27±27^∗	215±114^∗	1,562±424	785±340
IL-6	Hookworm	52,382±14,323	26,553±12,000^∗∗	27,865±7,464^∗	22,056±4,763^∗
	Negative controls	18,452±4,400	63,409±14,530^∗∗	102,499±11,146^∗	87,143±14,244^∗
TNF-𝛼	Hookworm	3,630±2,621^∗∗	297±185^∗∗	741±300^∗	885±333^∗∗
	Negative controls	306±114^∗∗	2,104±538^∗∗	5,638±1,385^∗	2,820±832^∗∗
IL-5	Hookworm	35±19^∗∗	40±20	12±7	53±40
	Negative controls	5±5^∗∗	45±22	7±6	37±17
IL-10	Hookworm	63±26	113±48	225±69^∗∗	310±120^∗∗
	Negative controls	0	157±33	526±58^∗∗	776±89^∗∗
IFN-𝛾	Hookworm	43±22	119±69^∗	230±165^∗	158±99^∗
	Negative controls	0	3,288±1,046^∗	3770±899^∗	2,168±796^∗