Association between Micronutrients (Vitamin A, D, Iron) and Schistosome-Specific Cytokine Responses in Zimbabweans Exposed to Schistosoma haematobium

Figure 1

Age profiles of the host population infection and micronutrient levels. Samples for each age group are 𝑛=6 for ≤10 years, 𝑛=23 for 11–20 years, and 𝑛=11 for 21+ years. Bars represent means and standard error of the mean. Shaded regions represent normal ranges of micronutrients. (a) Infection intensity, (b) C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, (c) ferritin levels (measure of stored iron levels), (d) retinol binding protein (RBP) levels (a measure of vitamin A levels), (e) soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels (measure of functional iron levels), and (f) vitamin D levels.

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